Changes in net reserves is the net change in a country's holdings of international reserves resulting from transactions on the current, capital, and financial accounts. Reserve assets are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, and include holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other reserve assets. Also included are net credit and loans from the IMF (excluding reserve position) and total exceptional financing. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore | 5,431,209,359 | 6,878,063,978 | 12,286,487,052 | 42,353,145,435 | 17,242,392,460 | 26,222,734,735 | 18,097,184,800 | 6,823,824,595 | 1,052,610,021 | -1,758,543,366 | 27,443,404,087 | 12,556,027,171 | -8,352,055,470 | 74,830,907,977 | 66,255,512,007 | -113,779,846,984 | 61,024,794,601 | 29,682,447,026 |
| India | -1,941,058,213 | 6,067,105,135 | 14,554,031,146 | 14,126,806,482 | -4,138,567,886 | -4,022,754,845 | 10,928,453,544 | 37,583,731,239 | 44,065,483,120 | 15,739,272,990 | 37,070,503,126 | -3,778,497,771 | 55,767,715,348 | 103,853,279,988 | 67,063,830,653 | -30,610,446,869 | 38,216,555,009 | 16,389,914,107 |
| Thailand | 3,235,315,410 | -1,806,387,629 | 5,422,428,775 | 31,323,923,152 | 1,213,822,213 | 5,265,110,441 | -5,049,224,687 | -1,209,804,606 | 5,858,908,314 | 12,843,651,143 | 25,956,330,975 | 7,263,538,564 | 13,583,866,606 | 18,355,757,035 | -7,096,167,693 | -10,261,416,229 | 2,543,919,528 | 12,413,243,984 |
| New Zealand | 322,872,031 | 2,417,468,782 | 847,357,521 | 413,914,913 | 515,428,947 | -841,723,396 | -138,339,169 | -521,194,809 | 3,102,114,976 | 1,870,124,217 | -2,139,649,712 | -330,334,874 | -4,593,473,933 | 3,119,388,484 | -815,366,855 | 1,142,441,023 | 8,663,628,733 | |
| Indonesia | 2,251,144,794 | 3,925,597,314 | -2,111,457,365 | 30,342,468,775 | 11,855,644,236 | 214,805,849 | -7,325,155,116 | 15,248,334,597 | -1,098,196,626 | 12,088,691,613 | 11,585,123,171 | -7,133,028,387 | 4,674,469,188 | 2,596,041,683 | 13,492,002,222 | 3,997,976,631 | 6,293,959,273 | 7,189,541,702 |
| Nepal | 20,244,328 | -76,971,374 | 170,889,380 | 162,266,521 | 999,649,343 | 717,671,084 | 1,456,039,681 | 846,439,526 | 2,329,037,202 | 668,708,747 | 384,507,018 | -649,091,861 | 346,250,023 | 2,720,202,607 | -2,364,230,722 | 844,768,242 | 3,492,523,942 | 4,756,984,153 |
| Malaysia | 1,951,248,431 | -1,008,791,429 | 3,619,608,537 | -36,914,995 | 31,156,177,598 | 3,846,380,316 | -1,371,611,071 | -13,193,888,119 | -14,518,135,865 | 1,452,012,801 | 3,932,049,990 | -1,770,044,457 | -1,663,456,363 | -4,619,186,697 | 11,133,704,250 | 12,009,464,753 | -4,907,743,751 | 3,846,081,179 |
| Australia | 1,740,259,727 | -1,364,727,993 | 7,254,250,530 | 429,957,792 | 4,546,171,498 | 2,535,523,860 | 5,507,376,950 | 3,644,006,483 | -2,345,772,740 | 7,854,443,321 | 8,735,418,216 | -11,082,782,427 | 3,025,659,846 | -16,749,745,109 | 17,438,266,388 | 2,703,769,713 | 1,276,519,282 | 3,399,165,117 |
| Pakistan | -314,305,428 | -2,627,141,283 | 259,563,469 | 693,787,298 | -275,838,926 | -2,017,052,006 | -2,555,942,682 | 7,099,192,891 | 3,851,870,782 | 1,415,880,322 | -4,032,857,648 | -6,303,251,640 | 3,432,637,063 | 839,413,129 | 4,555,689,061 | -13,210,093,253 | 3,413,507,129 | 2,470,076,338 |
| Tajikistan | 10,144,552 | -8,186,144 | 108,432,832 | 81,866,174 | -43,547,241 | -85,113,056 | 29,590,468 | 66,265,382 | 556,943,021 | -235,284,693 | 201,707,705 | 1,084,167,809 | 1,007,438,238 | 966,800,660 | 750,578,239 | 683,758,985 | ||
| Philippines | -45,152,411 | -476,553,298 | 1,661,546,154 | 17,527,615,876 | 11,401,191,237 | 9,236,093,972 | 5,085,051,963 | -2,858,064,169 | 2,615,721,823 | -1,036,922,165 | -862,390,030 | -2,304,520,426 | 7,844,964,265 | 16,022,409,729 | 1,355,431,686 | -7,259,206,283 | 3,673,759,600 | 609,606,342 |
| Cambodia | 91,966,885 | 74,457,186 | 163,038,036 | 321,495,474 | 388,171,158 | 362,612,254 | 754,707,240 | 830,725,815 | 903,031,198 | 1,631,036,036 | 1,444,649,756 | 2,667,684,007 | 636,586,299 | 83,353,507 | 345,896,162 | 73,191,047 | 432,745,083 | |
| Armenia | 16,911,989 | 238,670,581 | -266,857,716 | 8,623,874 | -891,449 | 661,682,046 | -545,003,832 | 341,162,797 | 446,805,455 | 79,047,198 | 30,634,753 | 664,997,570 | -518,635,499 | 755,604,930 | 874,773,876 | -491,258,855 | 274,262,938 | |
| Maldives | -266,303 | -4,312,189 | -23,334,191 | 82,351,906 | -15,154,351 | -30,420,919 | 69,243,517 | 253,366,585 | -49,103,903 | -95,824,017 | 120,122,426 | 125,375,973 | 42,221,240 | 202,285,448 | -178,490,952 | 26,744,258 | -237,260,854 | 83,565,512 |
| Samoa | 11,020,281 | -961,807 | 24,328,651 | -41,766,124 | -35,304 | -19,111,687 | -25,120,050 | 47,953,887 | -17,665,193 | 28,048,826 | 42,237,274 | -15,786,308 | 48,539,380 | 567,350 | 24,134,935 | 87,288,240 | 75,018,846 | |
| Solomon Islands | -13,666,065 | 12,156,338 | -18,433,880 | 93,508,053 | 129,897,855 | 78,980,895 | 58,723,573 | 700,672 | 53,391,071 | 5,811,837 | 27,512,968 | 71,651,772 | -33,236,391 | 23,537,837 | 79,207,028 | -23,817,469 | 24,633,197 | 16,212,502 |
| Tonga | 881,839 | -17,256,056 | 161,230,904 | 21,765,133 | 24,659,771 | 8,859,329 | 3,201,159 | -16,996,574 | 21,530,561 | 28,719,746 | 10,502,457 | 8,220,503 | 24,293,867 | 57,788,902 | 71,847,517 | 22,095,602 | 5,348,749 | |
| Bhutan | 89,899,720 | 14,117,818 | -159,447,379 | 167,948,845 | 70,520,032 | -4,681,030 | 189,331,830 | -19,644,712 | 43,496,627 | 66,213,740 | 241,452,262 | -28,486,879 | -327,501,188 | -349,071,652 | -28,884,507 | |||
| Timor-Leste | 156,473,576 | 55,457,809 | 421,927,829 | -202,319,785 | -389,607,328 | 220,219,423 | -156,477,191 | 262,861,797 | 129,727,651 | -17,620,820 | -142,023 | 279,115,623 | -101,751,459 | -49,164,402 | -43,817,838 | |||
| Brunei Darussalam | -63,397,261 | 75,535,076 | 780,753,468 | 702,673,139 | 178,274,164 | 246,122,419 | -33,783,677 | 170,788,952 | -270,115,436 | -10,363,581 | 760,590,595 | -445,856,268 | 1,087,172,566 | 76,645,613 | -707,410,382 | -107,238,494 | ||
| Uzbekistan | 601,435,456 | 1,255,363,953 | 2,524,518,628 | -66,303,911 | 745,727,020 | -367,590,496 | 217,776,976 | 552,413,576 | -255,997,236 | -1,563,677,963 | 1,406,589,605 | 1,395,599,041 | -468,888,319 | -1,321,692,719 | -2,692,013,536 | -612,558,275 | ||
| Georgia | 10,880,831 | 47,059,817 | -212,357,888 | 466,701,840 | 212,580,756 | 251,855,598 | 22,965,423 | -132,850,682 | 168,882,875 | 75,469,518 | 173,645,109 | 107,092,033 | -195,306,254 | 242,959,861 | 700,433,409 | -8,807,342 | -631,488,105 | |
| Azerbaijan | 325,587,887 | 160,501,407 | 1,370,028,919 | 4,185,529,225 | 1,105,832,067 | 2,232,675,908 | 213,520,809 | -8,428,845,767 | -992,410,844 | 1,294,781,737 | 318,675,624 | 642,373,814 | 75,627,855 | 1,333,054,605 | 2,151,262,778 | 2,377,908,573 | -766,182,955 | |
| Kazakhstan | 570,077,769 | -1,943,790,035 | 4,706,354,383 | 300,448,466 | -4,306,492,256 | -2,379,747,203 | 4,254,881,206 | -767,844,257 | -72,140,003 | -1,365,368,753 | -1,526,404,957 | -6,599,674,265 | -3,192,579,164 | -4,793,546,110 | -2,180,034,140 | -5,921,850,259 | -892,820,262 | |
| Bangladesh | 224,171,398 | -30,740,500 | -416,086,935 | 1,019,718,688 | -1,813,883,048 | 3,543,374,757 | 5,276,779,004 | 4,571,033,813 | 5,416,753,490 | 5,094,740,777 | 628,278,669 | -1,057,683,832 | 635,226,504 | 9,277,494,453 | 3,564,249,822 | -10,789,409,489 | -4,969,436,290 | -1,131,737,533 |
| Korea, Rep. | -1,111,801,398 | 23,778,195,861 | 19,394,669,652 | 26,970,600,000 | 13,952,800,000 | 13,184,500,000 | 16,296,100,000 | 17,885,800,000 | 12,052,600,000 | 7,615,200,000 | 4,357,100,000 | 17,495,700,000 | 1,466,200,000 | 17,391,500,000 | 14,848,500,000 | -27,887,100,000 | -2,959,000,000 | -3,072,700,000 |
| Vietnam | 109,873,372 | 2,130,126,061 | -1,764,847,496 | 1,151,015,378 | 11,859,683,427 | 556,944,811 | 8,374,929,608 | -6,032,040,295 | 8,389,947,824 | 12,545,456,596 | 6,035,158,990 | 23,257,909,002 | 16,633,965,102 | 15,862,859,250 | -22,738,787,985 | 5,629,629,824 | -9,129,012,945 | |
| Hong Kong SAR, China | 12,848,709,950 | -1,773,482,626 | 7,615,918,193 | 11,152,666,036 | 24,360,107,361 | 7,463,843,915 | 17,939,059,400 | 36,381,128,958 | 1,140,411,019 | 32,136,503,635 | 993,352,626 | -1,145,829,405 | 33,920,826,028 | -1,179,163,581 | -46,832,629,525 | -10,188,461,714 | -11,456,188,755 | |
| China | 12,046,826,247 | 10,693,133,366 | 250,974,934,020 | 471,658,583,328 | 387,799,218,279 | 96,554,784,204 | 431,381,955,625 | 117,783,455,486 | -342,940,998,434 | -443,625,009,877 | 91,526,172,979 | 18,876,836,385 | -19,288,061,008 | 27,983,930,224 | 189,513,049,063 | 99,622,046,447 | 4,306,011,190 | -60,497,384,785 |
| Japan | 48,954,973,447 | 22,325,367,779 | 49,657,419,448 | 167,874,729,412 | -38,260,996,751 | 38,775,694,469 | 8,481,223,557 | 5,126,501,600 | -5,331,273,454 | 23,577,436,974 | 23,922,642,794 | 24,701,375,995 | 8,602,505,233 | 62,766,632,515 | -49,784,281,556 | 29,815,074,479 | -66,514,447,489 | |
| Myanmar | 8,702,850 | -23,323,936 | 142,100,843 | 558,507,909 | 1,270,660,488 | 6,916,272,598 | 2,616,658,366 | 672,923,448 | 105,683,942 | 502,878,207 | 283,380,719 | 433,805,478 | 128,902,454 | |||||
| Papua New Guinea | 21,721,444 | 104,489,033 | -561,795,319 | -1,198,187,870 | -1,332,451,496 | -345,617,140 | -2,836,376,659 | -1,032,984,023 | -271,220,325 | 13,787,170 | 108,263,483 | 550,552,542 | 120,957,426 | 76,371,184 | 560,359,010 | 816,508,985 | -142,309,815 | |
| Sri Lanka | 115,730,526 | -360,829,667 | -498,426,935 | -2,781,973,571 | -3,071,847,979 | -22,993,960 | 1,566,130,870 | 2,267,824,783 | 860,693,526 | -349,572,932 | 2,600,330,363 | -1,253,193,110 | 10,594,694 | -1,977,143,702 | -2,460,289,883 | -1,094,083,797 | 1,738,223,456 | |
| Fiji | 64,998,890 | 72,489,491 | -110,869,976 | 337,317,853 | 170,346,268 | 70,535,070 | 69,235,014 | -39,514,040 | 66,867,948 | -6,986,673 | 167,963,726 | -126,430,159 | 92,753,312 | -17,499,753 | 492,082,912 | 92,669,494 | ||
| Kiribati | -6,746,886 | 9,504,284 | 1,971,296 | -16,860,173 | 12,564,347 | 9,399,546 | 107,897,488 | 47,059,508 | 48,174,068 | 25,149,927 | 26,920,120 | 65,581,218 | 47,093,488 | 27,717,172 | 41,431,963 | |||
| Mongolia | 35,900,000 | -25,243,679 | 54,224,822 | 874,837,795 | 17,811,476 | 1,638,991,897 | -1,866,808,361 | -470,940,885 | -268,071,058 | -10,803,220 | 1,459,867,003 | -141,359,628 | 452,863,437 | 687,139,959 | -221,638,698 | -727,191,120 | 1,457,008,739 | |
| Vanuatu | 4,687,593 | -18,766,508 | -11,332,100 | 6,045,554 | 12,634,535 | 5,412,328 | 10,043,031 | 12,282,488 | 75,458,611 | 33,418,271 | 81,591,962 | 48,577,377 | 102,730,344 | 73,469,801 | 86,537,086 | 11,714,869 | ||
| Afghanistan | 1,016,877,189 | 1,055,621,138 | 688,202,323 | 281,071,551 | 374,118,210 | -259,017,825 | 657,209,296 | 600,509,455 | 207,843,889 | 96,781,511 | 499,584,743 | |||||||
| Lao PDR | -125,912,581 | 43,363,790 | -6,017,595 | 102,581,085 | -52,059,571 | 63,721,037 | -76,379,094 | 159,630,045 | 174,636,474 | -168,830,938 | 214,738,052 | -141,485,617 | 124,456,273 | 821,222,838 | -75,892,825 | -245,292,701 | 194,450,670 | |
| Kyrgyz Republic | -32,871,214 | 68,380,545 | 103,224,199 | 95,980,511 | 133,428,108 | 53,986,013 | -264,557,164 | -77,780,701 | 306,280,600 | 42,300,245 | -158,704,395 | 41,991,791 | -123,519,261 | 564,541,465 | -440,005,478 | |||
| Tuvalu | -1,269,642 | -3,824,024 | -1,716,667 | 1,950,347 | 12,637,821 | 10,225,007 | 7,480,965 | 10,463,404 | 2,363,185 | 5,915,562 | 1,210,970 | 6,817,945 | 21,104,652 | -8,391,494 | ||||
| Palau | -35 | -64 | 13,985 | 35,075 | 13 | -2 | -81 | 75 | 219 | 448 | 106 | 6,677,055 | -965 | |||||
| Marshall Islands | -41 | -74 | 15,789 | 39,569 | 12 | -75 | -156 | 90 | 370 | 443 | 102 | 6,677,099 | ||||||
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 4,650,289 | 25,134,558 | 5,019,487 | 1,354,967 | 10,509,971 | |||||||||||||
| Nauru | 1,306,748 | -1,336,679 | 4,860,273 | -882,753 | 8,993,933 | 1,460,482 | 2,176,942 | -7,399,541 | 14,540,364 | 11,456,548 | 16,310,701 | -16,247,911 | 42,416,140 | -6,197,817 |