Changes in net reserves is the net change in a country's holdings of international reserves resulting from transactions on the current, capital, and financial accounts. Reserve assets are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, and include holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other reserve assets. Also included are net credit and loans from the IMF (excluding reserve position) and total exceptional financing. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
| 1970 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | -1,208,893,872 | 317,847,278 | 1,437,689,164 | 5,558,086,304 | 8,448,917,670 | 3,981,174,408 | 33,091,311 | -3,430,095,248 | -2,693,890,750 | 526,109,717 | -4,873,535,655 | -1,515,475,184 | 472,055,569 | -4,428,395,981 | -1,934,334,746 | 875,874,224 | 828,429,116 | 910,853,540 | |
| Lesotho | 12,965,834 | 17,792,891 | 43,654,432 | -209,371,431 | 65,708,621 | 109,281,442 | 211,574,192 | 124,501,923 | 113,321,103 | -160,285,461 | -195,648,660 | 78,733,256 | 71,622,435 | 77,959,704 | 82,492,767 | -96,798,723 | 16,688,946 | 258,885,985 | |
| Mozambique | -121,082,564 | 201,062,153 | 243,690,818 | 377,426,571 | 396,067,232 | -107,340,768 | -749,153,717 | -503,325,234 | 1,092,603,524 | -531,460,229 | 395,820,693 | -358,240,007 | -786,253,777 | -715,919,188 | 675,135,662 | 101,694,307 | |||
| Cabo Verde | -6,974,754 | -28,877,897 | 64,930,356 | 28,308,213 | -48,394,834 | 49,168,870 | 70,238,314 | 90,805,821 | 36,878,101 | 90,354,242 | -11,766,263 | 13,207,910 | 147,385,842 | -136,528,597 | -473,502 | 11,167,551 | 28,655,024 | 34,950,093 | |
| Djibouti | -3,827,972 | -6,610,716 | 13,037,346 | -9,237,828 | -13,341,387 | 175,289,858 | -30,028,754 | -24,864,918 | 43,198,600 | 162,405,632 | -104,566,615 | 44,939,846 | 146,877,566 | -93,721,634 | 2,307,849 | -81,213,249 | -148,909,747 | ||
| Algeria | -10,402,131 | 16,903,729,032 | 15,207,253,412 | 20,193,892,433 | 12,039,998,089 | 107,288,203 | -5,868,026,717 | -27,347,179,851 | -26,271,624,596 | -21,754,881,842 | -15,841,502,837 | -16,983,944,439 | -16,503,641,825 | -1,515,484,361 | 18,994,513,543 | 6,335,285,329 | |||
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | -10,224,081,777 | -2,030,227,240 | 5,226,328,140 | -218,155,339 | -19,735,637,149 | -5,792,397,806 | 903,306,006 | -3,208,763,814 | -673,808,463 | 4,686,315,122 | 8,810,734,334 | 3,236,904,717 | -2,034,982,946 | -14,060,319,362 | -897,777,821 | -9,239,281,407 | 2,406,415,294 | ||
| Libya | 1,157,802,360 | 5,356,985,451 | 13,839,698,415 | 4,169,899,153 | 3,368,548,332 | 13,408,540,192 | -6,937,473,438 | -21,578,320,477 | -11,851,156,781 | -6,846,114,264 | 2,541,815,204 | 7,215,784,157 | -484,938,586 | -8,013,257,366 | -1,197,529,621 | ||||
| Morocco | 1,697,479,488 | -1,166,431,313 | 448,742,772 | -3,012,376,371 | -6,412,593,527 | -8,368,178,955 | -5,258,335,161 | 4,035,175,222 | 4,306,640,260 | 2,769,557,377 | -768,959,401 | -1,038,144,704 | 1,937,740,953 | 4,379,702,711 | 2,437,495,395 | -180,888,175 | 1,921,295,273 | ||
| Tunisia | 332,535,562 | -204,994,988 | 936,027,193 | -169,791,601 | -1,677,713,221 | 1,366,072,812 | -847,635,831 | -131,721,903 | 82,383,914 | -830,875,120 | -25,565,354 | 247,210,313 | 1,960,402,133 | 831,470,262 | 172,760,955 | -39,854,237 | 1,511,546,081 | ||
| Benin | -99,557,270 | -20,321,992 | -51,634,026 | -294,432,497 | -531,817,791 | -394,844,096 | -52,731,019 | 106,114,616 | 79,565,511 | -564,894,688 | 444,307,544 | 234,779,045 | 26,745,825 | 11,171,179 | -671,279 | -585,601,076 | |||
| Botswana | 307,245,028 | 367,411,844 | 2,021,325,403 | -987,625,916 | 114,494,360 | -878,178,092 | -270,527,133 | 641,226,260 | -419,530,390 | -318,365,065 | -450,794,549 | -410,503,522 | -1,119,341,471 | -1,753,103,647 | -261,275,525 | 364,569,540 | 124,465,721 | ||
| Burkina Faso | -465,725,606 | -734,160,216 | -102,359,565 | -18,564,909 | -424,577,454 | -282,931,020 | 13,636,237 | -27,052,303 | 508,244,319 | 54,434,010 | 162,614,075 | -258,505,541 | 132,456,003 | -1,618,678,550 | 498,773,634 | ||||
| Burundi | -3,226,484 | -144,821,098 | -292,745,233 | -9,319,973 | -35,206,689 | 27,575,443 | 14,699,039 | 160,365 | -163,162,757 | -21,097,726 | 19,878,610 | -12,438,663 | 60,313,569 | 203,741 | 113,735,389 | -88,776,353 | -129,802,240 | ||
| Cameroon | -870,558,826 | -265,736,574 | -396,859,294 | 7,049,321 | -326,152,369 | 118,703,003 | -70,693,306 | 130,472,734 | 738,006,926 | -1,224,950,809 | 407,624,203 | 287,137,473 | 245,211,196 | -544,865,251 | 486,610,331 | 855,198,265 | -594,807,754 | ||
| Central African Republic | -21,088,160 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chad | -22,872,521 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Comoros | -4,837,731 | -5,845,986 | -89,993,519 | -5,076,415 | 30,706,312 | 2,030,984 | -5,658,786 | -35,053,730 | 12,111,997 | -2,684,648 | -7,322,457 | 37,200,353 | 53,622,215 | -29,172,773 | -7,664,876 | ||||
| Congo, Rep. | -363,853,983 | -243,416,834 | 510,693,884 | 922,728,160 | 1,440,450,015 | -190,221,307 | -508,930,047 | 379,928,833 | -2,229,303,980 | -1,647,957,301 | 513,893,928 | -19,425,980 | -231,599,678 | ||||||
| Cote d'Ivoire | -315,238,586 | 1,428,775,914 | 616,036,860 | -626,343,016 | -16,592,843 | 648,731,474 | 586,428,030 | -459,730,114 | 485,779,052 | 247,368,888 | 1,075,250,162 | 199,662,606 | 2,014,277,587 | -945,666,146 | |||||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. | -42,917,866 | -10,649,807,910 | -165,319,260 | 347,442,420 | 38,111,096 | -75,033,083 | -285,113,431 | -516,122,981 | 59,108,326 | 150,252,575 | 316,839,915 | -607,399,995 | 2,323,010,112 | 1,482,907,442 | 293,415,319 | ||||
| Equatorial Guinea | -5,702,001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Eritrea | -64,331,604 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ethiopia | -198,273,437 | -189,510,460 | -322,863,686 | -986,809,040 | -708,893,899 | 330,041,073 | -145,930,741 | -1,263,901,822 | -457,750,978 | 491,145,427 | -370,892,497 | -974,766,319 | 520,417,261 | -1,289,930,883 | 864,752,036 | 333,158,403 | -793,912,667 | ||
| Gabon | -268,562,909 | 280,486,620 | 225,887,202 | -123,271,734 | 505,510,662 | 151,475,301 | 533,829,107 | -194,695,791 | -377,877,769 | ||||||||||
| Ghana | 27,605,237 | -144,760,532 | 124,628,046 | 560,644,447 | 450,747,124 | -478,410,869 | -723,282,852 | -114,431,768 | -82,424,063 | 261,111,804 | 996,018,787 | -815,190,671 | 1,251,102,772 | -540,075,190 | 1,466,889,095 | -3,346,337,542 | 1,784,881,013 | ||
| Guinea | -96,730,616 | -62,941,471 | 71,160,649 | 65,400,444 | 625,786,614 | -734,314,079 | -254,869,127 | 5,178,123 | -290,346,684 | 162,482,239 | 57,096,241 | 397,756,625 | 117,329,393 | -40,429,441 | 332,709,304 | 86,589,893 | -641,835,390 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | -31,691,034 | -22,829,027 | -946,163,615 | 65,430,425 | -57,830,641 | 14,495,092 | 127,954,255 | 71,049,777 | -11,883,103 | 51,944,649 | 33,671,150 | 34,920,649 | -48,228,509 | 41,741,804 | -92,937,617 | ||||
| Kenya | -92,537,543 | -7,210,340 | 117,199,418 | 141,599,623 | -1,211,691,650 | 1,215,859,744 | 393,727,147 | 1,377,946,798 | -272,558,579 | 100,119,409 | -116,625,211 | 974,415,554 | 1,091,295,895 | -1,425,418,018 | -192,689,053 | -2,109,912,028 | -955,917,482 | ||
| Liberia | -185,688,298 | 888,737,611 | 33,951,877 | -33,769,529 | -27,344,542 | -30,117,477 | 21,026,891 | -18,579,449 | -84,538,852 | -41,229,760 | -39,584,922 | 23,085,275 | 374,860,573 | -34,445,605 | |||||
| Madagascar | -277,590,935 | -159,963,149 | -55,607,871 | 47,059,291 | 118,135,757 | -87,741,328 | -265,635,772 | 4,127,156 | 40,999,622 | 295,651,644 | 240,192,756 | 133,775,210 | -119,065,503 | -153,557,557 | 304,962,527 | -115,185,010 | |||
| Malawi | 28,660,992 | 91,385,762 | 41,318,388 | 114,217,780 | -107,976,969 | -10,201,086 | 177,147,215 | 180,730,481 | 101,194,571 | -113,942,695 | 145,749,803 | -1,630,022 | 58,376,346 | -426,361,604 | -129,716,332 | -369,738,874 | 72,353,023 | ||
| Mali | -65,020,735 | 62,708,206 | 15,516,773 | -177,146,924 | 4,598,108 | -80,598,963 | -212,920,481 | -485,938,681 | -160,782,402 | -538,401,413 | 379,448,277 | 155,389,639 | 235,494,040 | 156,924,186 | 483,587,791 | -928,731,406 | -484,024,154 | ||
| Mauritania | -72,456,474 | 210,315,131 | -62,721,459 | -385,770,025 | 78,205,615 | -146,547,886 | 80,760,986 | 43,119,398 | 187,307,119 | 153,635,767 | 1,351,992,813 | -150,010,260 | 118,705,799 | ||||||
| Mauritius | 231,945,124 | 230,591,689 | -164,953,501 | 209,045,862 | 195,125,099 | 191,544,199 | 541,006,404 | 755,847,221 | 567,347,570 | 739,570,472 | 832,284,285 | 496,578,681 | 939,353,627 | -536,694,688 | 1,293,562,181 | -316,954,431 | -674,892,699 | ||
| Namibia | 36,794,818 | -211,825,769 | -401,191,954 | -522,131,526 | 324,983,600 | 2,506,034 | 63,020,746 | -152,815,317 | 699,058,103 | 142,360,011 | 375,365,161 | 58,602,053 | -215,860,529 | 29,667,182 | 428,790,175 | 24,390,364 | 235,595,386 | ||
| Niger | -90,343,654 | 35,236,203 | 32,848,383 | 105,954,461 | -66,302,648 | 310,378,767 | 97,710,798 | 234,544,699 | -164,223,903 | 100,926,980 | -59,559,958 | -212,106,971 | 479,080,523 | -123,861,306 | 266,628,280 | -327,738,037 | -426,451,896 | ||
| Nigeria | 1,041,075,804 | 3,089,271,863 | 11,335,787,996 | -9,692,912,667 | 305,848,565 | 11,097,745,203 | -980,099,587 | -8,452,487,761 | -5,853,533,823 | -980,917,731 | 12,241,890,189 | 3,286,180,061 | -4,490,238,393 | -5,047,487,523 | 3,608,654,133 | -3,381,557,620 | -2,754,917,394 | ||
| Rwanda | 72,094,715 | 234,581,693 | -212,430,889 | 228,498,773 | -90,424,191 | -28,534,864 | -22,265,249 | 85,057,901 | 70,740,163 | 112,259,762 | 136,118,769 | 197,232,375 | -97,003,258 | -87,653,392 | |||||
| Sao Tome and Principe | -9,407,229 | -5,487,483 | 30,514,535 | 13,297,894 | -5,275,275 | -10,741,785 | 5,530,942 | -1,955,390 | 4,155,263 | -21,191,865 | -14,865,485 | -20,265,333 | -6,477,556 | -4,232,242 | -6,411,772 | -20,207,242 | |||
| Senegal | -137,476,589 | -231,534,457 | -361,750,796 | -529,814,441 | -47,441,945 | 99,873,439 | 88,150,053 | 64,713,366 | 209,235,666 | -353,695,224 | 177,910,863 | 691,083,723 | 574,692,632 | -499,613,918 | 1,116,271,926 | -418,143,869 | 258,317,347 | ||
| Seychelles | 4,255,151 | 26,219,496 | -29,373,307 | 302,312,103 | 22,419,508 | 21,672,724 | 94,694,213 | 41,191,565 | 70,554,256 | 7,506,145 | 16,064,204 | 9,461,127 | 30,329,245 | -51,517,949 | 81,642,936 | -66,461,001 | 13,177,534 | ||
| Sierra Leone | -20,908,146 | 9,755,229 | -129,538,686 | -319,231,370 | -141,868,057 | -134,282,181 | -69,041,777 | -963,439,861 | -637,325,254 | -73,679,085 | -46,772,544 | -14,188,407 | 27,867,466 | 28,403,198 | 161,579,495 | -195,818,598 | -250,068,495 | ||
| South Africa | -464,029,840 | 10,669,320 | 479,564,168 | 5,765,837,011 | 3,795,989,103 | 4,708,764,729 | 1,197,810,183 | 499,083,154 | 1,359,887,142 | -1,139,187,034 | 2,900,277,509 | 1,905,127,151 | 801,436,808 | 1,612,606,179 | -7,653,191,594 | 4,614,378,026 | 4,251,007,320 | -213,704,732 | |
| South Sudan | -521,306,552 | -179,850,946 | -165,080,667 | 56,248,355 | -28,915,732 | -2,015,074,371 | -1,970,992,062 | 3,812,726,989 | -25,276,874 | -157,007,635 | |||||||||
| Sudan | -357,259,450 | 93,774,143 | 542,434,081 | -1,701,901,200 | -1,838,105,632 | -1,790,289,752 | -2,156,699,882 | -352,025,559 | -309,553,621 | -856,169,158 | -1,460,195,261 | -1,920,775,631 | -1,780,197,328 | -1,979,196,308 | -757,367,063 | -2,741,000,907 | |||
| Eswatini | 11,059,863 | 46,254,883 | 1,103,001 | -230,861,246 | -220,134,374 | 151,799,506 | 195,387,652 | -23,710,633 | -23,723,324 | -25,300,713 | -55,094,475 | -59,924,580 | -13,316,860 | -18,051,492 | 14,566,536 | -54,246,751 | 44,677,171 | ||
| Tanzania | -125,954,193 | -1,330,409 | -594,712,519 | 348,918,996 | -160,093,770 | 295,125,200 | 522,946,607 | -243,787,723 | -231,191,654 | 338,768,029 | 1,647,183,576 | -772,739,354 | 587,400,879 | -781,248,653 | 1,316,838,877 | -1,137,444,530 | -293,219,502 | ||
| Gambia, The | 3,393,680 | -41,957,165 | -3,408,230 | 41,049,561 | 36,941,357 | 5,760,353 | -24,960,547 | -138,592,301 | -76,852,167 | -113,404,358 | -33,687,046 | 17,071,223 | -7,535,411 | 246,364,210 | -145,335,784 | -149,988,720 | |||
| Togo | -43,932,376 | 36,877,438 | -110,286,638 | 13,949,734 | 71,344,015 | -337,170,551 | 49,417,166 | 73,381,656 | 131,858,236 | -723,045 | 98,825,036 | -232,572,163 | 554,814,966 | 74,887,849 | |||||
| Uganda | -41,918,557 | -464,318,171 | 160,864,146 | -42,009,359 | -81,567,584 | 534,065,973 | 229,683,562 | 80,894,662 | -387,142,140 | 318,503,019 | 484,706,330 | -288,564,040 | -18,070,135 | 226,645,365 | 476,748,442 | -817,070,932 | -293,830,114 | ||
| Zambia | 221,811,827 | -19,328,428 | -2,086,155,653 | -66,407,163 | 106,201,359 | 165,783,528 | -262,591,248 | 300,965,773 | -446,191,473 | -249,818,523 | 10,546,900 | -388,854,808 | -99,322,846 | -442,335,846 | 1,484,742,262 | -1,412,492,727 | -2,047,823,005 | ||
| Zimbabwe | 85,744,940 | -279,806,562 | -848,544,403 | -307,176,496 | -183,015,659 | -124,504,970 | -50,992,890 | 58,353,565 | -568,318,377 | -90,915,401 | -35,912,902 | -87,692,585 | 679,132,585 | -334,464,312 | -730,367,130 |