Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator.
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | 5.45 | 5.18 | 3.16 | 3.41 | 2.82 | 3.46 | 3.97 | 3.93 | 3.32 | 2.22 | 2.27 | 1.59 | 1.54 | 0.74 | 0.73 | -1.15 | -0.97 | 3.08 |
| Netherlands | 1.47 | 0.78 | 1.03 | 1.75 | 0.29 | 0.35 | ||||||||||||
| Malta | 19.06 | 3.48 | 1.79 | 3.22 | 2.49 | 2.40 |