R&D Expenditure - Scientific and technical journal articles

NAM Topics Research and Development R&D Expenditure

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Brunei Darussalam	38	35	58	80	116	123	186	174	220	201	294	230	293	335	414
Cambodia	12	36	56	71	77	85	93	111	125	125	148	146	163	171	203
Fiji	27	58	69	66	65	83	118	101	167	140	163	160	183	207	213
Indonesia	398	604	1,446	1,943	2,111	2,815	3,354	4,474	6,754	13,002	21,795	31,005	32,896	39,566	31,947
Korea, Rep.	15,875	32,098	50,339	53,624	56,101	57,320	60,153	62,723	62,915	64,097	66,893	70,702	73,256	77,566	76,936
Lao PDR	9	24	44	50	63	72	57	71	89	79	90	95	90	87	84
Malaysia	1,327	2,509	10,938	13,550	14,204	15,009	16,608	18,100	18,747	19,901	19,992	21,652	21,993	26,303	26,506
Mongolia	27	40	90	102	128	163	115	102	117	151	152	194	214	284	262
Myanmar	15	51	51	96	39	34	46	73	86	150	234	289	430	274	163
Papua New Guinea	64	37	50	42	61	53	63	59	60	62	61	71	60	84	83
Philippines	346	458	680	879	820	935	1,039	1,365	1,655	1,992	2,121	3,380	3,263	4,053	3,961
Singapore	4,813	8,104	9,958	10,208	10,823	11,086	11,333	11,537	12,075	12,190	12,072	12,086	12,347	12,611	12,700
Thailand	1,668	3,666	6,802	7,244	7,564	7,581	8,204	8,535	9,585	11,108	12,785	13,620	14,020	16,705	18,491
Timor-Leste	0	2	1	3	6	6	12	9	9	15	16	14	12	17	14
Vanuatu	4	13	7	8	7	8	8	11	13	10	8	10	12	18	15
Vietnam	202	404	1,100	1,221	1,560	1,881	1,944	2,223	3,021	3,279	4,302	6,113	8,266	9,651	10,530
Azerbaijan	159	360	604	641	680	476	391	450	593	732	811	924	1,034	1,014	1,175
Belarus	1,203	1,339	1,054	1,115	1,043	1,107	1,060	988	1,008	1,080	1,229	1,502	1,521	1,597	1,519
Turkmenistan	6	3	7	12	13	6	19	6	3	8	5	3	6	12	22
Uzbekistan	363	350	395	381	332	353	334	294	378	340	351	773	1,259	2,408	2,187
Antigua and Barbuda	0	2	2	1	2	3	2	3	4	5	5	6	7	7	7
Barbados	28	37	30	36	48	42	45	55	54	50	48	54	62	56	72
Belize	1	6	11	2	8	8	5	8	6	12	10	10	18	13	18
Bolivia	38	64	79	82	86	91	89	89	93	93	111	134	178	176	188
Chile	1,552	2,534	4,236	4,535	5,059	5,099	5,871	6,161	6,775	6,922	7,572	8,012	9,032	9,991	9,058
Colombia	535	988	3,170	3,542	4,077	4,525	4,993	5,384	6,417	6,701	7,532	8,753	9,600	10,300	9,683
Cuba	957	967	1,294	1,521	1,527	1,570	1,472	1,342	1,158	1,135	1,168	1,116	1,366	1,532	1,238
Dominica	0	5	9	7	12	12	9	10	11	12	12	5	5	7	5
Dominican Republic	13	14	17	19	26	41	42	35	36	49	55	71	91	112	110
Ecuador	74	133	192	171	245	262	407	657	1,153	1,600	2,167	2,458	2,931	3,095	3,574
Grenada	1	5	17	23	30	35	55	34	37	56	47	58	58	62	53
Guatemala	24	47	52	44	68	73	63	86	92	106	107	95	124	124	121
Guyana	10	20	20	11	13	14	12	10	14	17	15	17	25	30	29
Haiti	5	8	15	18	17	29	37	34	33	42	32	35	42	40	38
Honduras	13	14	22	19	26	20	25	31	33	46	47	78	115	113	159
Jamaica	107	145	174	200	207	201	209	155	162	169	198	153	172	212	168
Nicaragua	14	22	30	30	32	29	34	27	38	42	43	36	39	46	41
Panama	43	80	119	130	156	155	167	164	155	176	176	262	265	290	376
Peru	172	302	554	597	641	667	746	899	1,071	1,390	1,701	2,332	2,893	4,065	4,585
St. Kitts and Nevis	2	2	4	5	9	13	15	19	22	29	27	33	36	34	39
St. Lucia	2	2	3	5	1	4	0	3	5	2	4	4	3	5	5
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	0	1	1	0	1	2	2	1	2	4	1	5	5	10	8
Suriname	3	5	5	4	10	16	8	13	22	15	17	20	20	25	13
Bahamas, The	2	7	9	11	8	19	16	13	14	21	21	19	21	22	18
Trinidad and Tobago	89	175	212	221	206	159	242	152	207	221	233	241	247	264	262
Venezuela, RB	1,039	1,294	1,478	1,257	1,323	1,202	1,240	978	868	882	707	755	717	673	512
Algeria	382	897	2,093	2,405	2,999	3,397	3,619	4,071	4,448	5,142	5,291	6,231	5,710	6,839	7,607
Bahrain	86	162	213	181	160	242	215	181	235	256	338	466	509	650	672
Djibouti	2	4	7	4	7	6	8	6	4	5	7	5	10	8	13
Egypt, Arab Rep.	2,683	3,618	6,574	7,169	8,281	8,510	9,015	9,710	11,127	11,188	13,197	15,448	18,009	21,379	24,025
Iran, Islamic Rep.	1,559	7,142	24,792	31,161	31,462	32,381	35,448	36,885	41,933	45,827	48,707	54,506	56,966	59,374	60,940
Iraq	92	142	536	597	842	805	806	840	1,194	1,971	3,476	6,386	7,521	11,402	13,408
Jordan	537	789	1,435	1,416	1,380	1,404	1,369	1,422	1,672	1,995	2,472	3,010	3,373	4,069	5,249
Kuwait	506	627	745	795	823	871	784	864	816	851	1,001	1,162	1,134	1,255	1,335
Lebanon	415	577	799	882	1,024	1,100	1,219	1,301	1,472	1,561	1,907	2,096	2,237	2,207	2,091
Libya	61	77	297	126	152	204	194	176	140	163	168	186	246	456	408
Morocco	870	923	1,595	1,887	2,119	2,161	2,485	2,486	3,653	4,017	4,792	5,512	6,360	7,389	8,445
Oman	209	327	538	601	603	671	691	762	772	788	846	982	1,075	1,399	1,588
Qatar	44	165	400	460	611	799	1,121	1,192	1,438	1,424	1,556	1,838	2,333	2,655	2,650
Saudi Arabia	1,596	1,799	3,627	4,831	5,832	7,118	8,120	8,839	9,341	9,944	10,745	13,008	17,012	21,610	25,825
Syrian Arab Republic	100	146	232	267	301	247	236	269	278	258	309	346	476	543	584
Tunisia	657	1,721	3,460	3,699	3,801	4,231	4,529	4,873	5,415	5,614	5,558	5,205	4,956	5,122	5,730
United Arab Emirates	325	719	1,265	1,423	1,607	1,763	1,815	2,314	2,563	2,866	3,081	4,138	4,468	5,267	6,402
West Bank and Gaza	68	103	192	207	206	229	234	222	239	329	387	473	522	629	715
Yemen, Rep.	23	49	104	102	105	117	138	106	115	124	141	210	273	433	415
Afghanistan	4	9	28	42	35	27	35	21	60	72	90	139	146	177	169
Bangladesh	444	593	1,427	1,391	1,921	1,787	2,408	2,183	2,591	3,127	3,182	5,205	5,121	7,552	7,056
Bhutan	1	6	18	16	16	28	28	26	44	48	53	56	82	105	115
India	21,409	32,734	60,266	71,375	78,135	82,849	91,832	98,301	107,484	113,509	130,235	132,820	148,410	179,806	207,390
Maldives	1	4	3	7	8	7	6	7	7	7	7	11	25	25	36
Nepal	100	295	382	391	396	458	507	539	627	693	841	1,054	1,513	1,797	1,699
Pakistan	1,037	2,356	5,470	6,070	6,483	7,175	7,323	8,117	9,295	11,152	12,370	15,378	16,978	20,754	22,643
Sri Lanka	209	336	504	571	608	733	706	754	1,124	1,189	1,459	1,707	1,796	2,393	2,483
Angola	6	10	15	18	21	24	35	32	38	55	30	36	49	42	45
Benin	45	61	106	129	143	179	180	180	173	208	233	277	317	382	414
Botswana	112	124	164	168	160	167	205	164	236	240	285	309	324	386	393
Burkina Faso	49	73	125	150	189	164	169	193	206	209	255	262	262	332	411
Burundi	2	4	12	10	11	14	13	13	12	13	20	30	35	27	28
Cabo Verde	0	0	3	3	4	8	9	12	9	14	9	14	21	24	22
Cameroon	118	284	355	402	408	469	565	597	673	796	873	933	1,108	1,338	1,506
Central African Republic	6	8	14	15	11	13	17	13	27	18	22	17	20	15	20
Chad	3	9	4	7	5	5	9	9	11	15	17	14	14	25	29
Comoros	1	2	2	4	1	9	2	2	5	4	3	4	4	5	4
Congo, Rep.	17	46	41	46	54	51	71	78	77	67	62	77	76	89	90
Cote d'Ivoire	76	102	155	180	186	158	181	177	174	206	248	241	249	334	298
Congo, Dem. Rep.	15	23	53	46	70	68	86	99	97	123	142	139	176	213	238
Equatorial Guinea	0	1	3	2	2	2	2	4	5	3	3	4	2	4	3
Eritrea	5	12	10	12	4	11	8	10	9	14	21	27	38	33	34
Ethiopia	166	223	446	492	650	771	985	1,015	1,168	1,631	2,100	2,735	4,142	5,716	7,156
Gabon	24	49	43	57	51	54	60	61	59	61	61	76	62	93	95
Ghana	139	189	355	410	514	580	623	786	1,008	1,117	1,364	1,656	2,077	2,560	3,075
Guinea	3	7	12	11	12	11	20	28	39	37	28	34	41	48	47
Guinea-Bissau	1	9	6	10	13	12	18	10	11	17	16	14	17	14	15
Kenya	360	461	751	831	792	854	936	1,002	1,100	1,191	1,335	1,463	1,786	1,977	2,007
Lesotho	8	7	12	15	21	15	12	17	22	25	21	38	34	44	48
Liberia	1	1	4	9	7	3	9	11	17	21	25	22	11	26	26
Madagascar	61	57	80	96	94	113	114	106	101	133	125	122	176	174	157
Malawi	65	86	127	141	158	136	172	179	195	235	246	252	291	372	362
Mali	16	41	74	86	85	62	70	66	77	99	87	92	99	113	118
Mauritania	6	11	5	13	13	15	12	14	15	11	17	21	22	37	26
Mauritius	54	75	85	64	116	121	122	121	155	167	134	237	193	194	239
Mozambique	23	39	47	74	63	70	87	105	110	133	151	155	176	220	194
Namibia	21	53	38	49	64	85	92	100	101	114	161	158	204	231	220
Niger	25	22	68	31	31	31	48	53	51	57	66	64	68	57	74
Nigeria	1,036	1,785	3,173	3,410	3,114	3,138	3,554	3,562	3,959	4,503	5,529	6,894	8,170	9,423	9,408
Rwanda	3	7	45	47	54	88	97	103	130	128	173	198	265	329	353
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	2	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	3	4
Senegal	146	203	189	261	261	276	296	328	333	339	385	377	413	421	451
Seychelles	4	5	13	10	10	17	10	19	12	12	11	11	30	22	20
Sierra Leone	5	4	12	11	15	15	20	33	47	42	41	52	64	79	87
Somalia	0	0	3	3	1	6	5	5	4	11	10	19	33	54	106
South Africa	3,965	5,277	7,697	8,324	9,105	9,656	10,324	11,148	12,185	13,020	13,477	15,148	15,745	16,093	16,651
Sudan	69	110	239	273	244	321	222	252	366	322	401	390	386	548	507
Eswatini	8	13	21	21	16	17	11	15	19	29	29	34	37	40	43
Tanzania	151	219	363	401	393	401	530	538	563	616	627	791	889	997	1,171
Gambia, The	28	37	45	34	37	46	46	42	52	47	36	51	61	81	78
Togo	31	25	49	49	44	57	75	70	67	66	85	91	90	107	135
Uganda	131	220	407	416	451	472	510	609	605	653	686	802	921	1,208	1,244
Zambia	34	61	88	101	107	121	130	162	180	208	218	210	267	313	344
Zimbabwe	236	141	147	142	205	221	270	275	323	340	393	426	456	496	563

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

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