NATO Topics Research and Development R&D personnel

Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.

Technicians in R&D (number per million people)

20002005201020112012201320142015201620172018
Germany1,1591,4011,7251,7331,7101,8831,9101,9462,007
Belgium1,4031,4271,3161,378
Bulgaria479491499442
Czechia7111,3431,5161,6191,7401,7881,8741,8251,8291,9572,186
Latvia266472432391
Hungary505455601657709788697727641770
Lithuania507429541462
Canada1,2411,6421,5211,5551,3701,3781,3531,4561,2481,268
Croatia395601601621617659677746638714
Estonia379418681662709802676675710655
Greece753585
Iceland2,2671,8681,6392,1012,371
Netherlands1,5141,4211,3262,038
Poland354233285360421385439444400415
Portugal260278378340338742709753701780
Romania293233153252252248225267275279
Slovak Republic666416386355384329367389412484521
Slovenia1,6161,4141,9222,4592,3132,5232,3922,4002,3741,814
Spain6289071,2931,2441,2331,2111,1631,1901,1891,265
Turkiye3770143172190198208221316354
Denmark1,9892,2612,124
France1,7211,8821,8761,8741,8361,8091,7981,8051,806
Luxembourg3,4023,3633,2892,9542,9413,0943,2853,1093,166
United Kingdom6889341,1401,0611,1881,2551,3501,305
Montenegro103102203129175156