Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 2,982.6 | 3,173.1 | 3,755.6 | 3,880.2 | 4,116.6 | 4,161.6 | 4,544.9 | 4,731.8 | 4,798.3 | 4,757.3 | 5,040.0 | 5,290.9 | 5,418.9 | 6,596.7 | 6,983.2 | |
| Czechia | 1,352.2 | 2,353.4 | 2,799.1 | 2,925.9 | 3,162.1 | 3,260.8 | 3,428.3 | 3,619.2 | 3,546.9 | 3,718.3 | 3,906.7 | 4,027.6 | 4,187.2 | 4,560.5 | 4,696.7 | |
| Denmark | 5,207.2 | 6,763.6 | 7,045.8 | 7,181.9 | 7,115.4 | 7,358.2 | 7,566.5 | 7,852.1 | 7,647.6 | 7,597.5 | 7,693.5 | 7,651.3 | 7,708.2 | 8,735.6 | ||
| France | 2,903.0 | 3,297.8 | 3,849.6 | 3,920.7 | 4,052.2 | 4,133.6 | 4,210.0 | 4,310.7 | 4,392.0 | 4,546.8 | 4,670.5 | 4,774.0 | 4,883.2 | 5,058.1 | 5,181.8 | |
| Hungary | 1,412.0 | 1,575.8 | 2,135.6 | 2,310.0 | 2,400.9 | 2,527.8 | 2,654.8 | 2,569.7 | 2,625.9 | 2,902.2 | 3,846.5 | 4,021.2 | 4,309.6 | 4,452.5 | 4,725.2 | |
| Bulgaria | 1,179.7 | 1,301.7 | 1,470.7 | 1,606.2 | 1,537.4 | 1,685.2 | 1,822.0 | 1,976.8 | 2,236.9 | 2,125.5 | 2,343.5 | 2,420.1 | 2,401.2 | 2,346.7 | 2,557.2 | |
| Italy | 1,154.7 | 1,412.6 | 1,722.7 | 1,760.6 | 1,831.3 | 1,916.3 | 1,947.3 | 2,075.8 | 2,209.6 | 2,322.4 | 2,524.3 | 2,670.7 | 2,614.7 | 2,658.9 | 2,795.5 | |
| Latvia | 1,601.0 | 1,458.1 | 1,837.0 | 1,902.4 | 1,909.0 | 1,790.9 | 1,872.3 | 1,818.8 | 1,600.6 | 1,785.2 | 1,786.3 | 1,891.2 | 2,134.1 | 2,395.3 | 2,270.1 | |
| Lithuania | 2,215.1 | 2,276.4 | 2,736.5 | 2,748.0 | 2,670.6 | 2,878.7 | 3,082.3 | 2,794.9 | 2,950.4 | 3,068.3 | 3,181.0 | 3,445.3 | 3,643.2 | 3,946.5 | 4,153.7 | |
| Germany | 3,154.5 | 3,315.8 | 4,056.4 | 4,191.5 | 4,355.6 | 4,380.4 | 4,336.0 | 4,755.3 | 4,839.8 | 5,058.4 | 5,209.2 | 5,398.6 | 5,390.1 | 5,520.6 | 5,787.4 | |
| Ireland | 2,255.7 | 2,821.3 | 3,116.6 | 3,341.4 | 4,873.7 | 5,141.7 | 5,291.0 | 5,242.1 | 5,143.9 | 5,114.2 | 4,656.8 | 4,961.4 | 5,196.1 | 5,213.4 | 5,511.7 | |
| Canada | 3,510.5 | 4,234.4 | 4,664.1 | 4,802.7 | 4,652.4 | 4,647.6 | 4,564.2 | 4,546.0 | 4,400.5 | 4,429.1 | 4,715.9 | 4,850.9 | 5,155.7 | 5,411.8 | ||
| Austria | 3,470.7 | 4,379.2 | 4,430.5 | 4,720.8 | 4,782.1 | 5,009.4 | 5,073.4 | 5,400.3 | 5,416.1 | 5,682.4 | 5,958.9 | 5,829.3 | 6,323.0 | 6,658.5 | ||
| Croatia | 1,554.7 | 1,328.0 | 1,649.2 | 1,594.2 | 1,567.5 | 1,535.6 | 1,445.0 | 1,513.8 | 1,871.4 | 1,900.9 | 1,973.0 | 2,203.6 | 2,295.4 | 2,414.4 | 2,534.4 | |
| Cyprus | 438.8 | 930.3 | 1,104.8 | 1,092.0 | 1,022.0 | 1,026.7 | 1,051.3 | 1,010.6 | 1,058.6 | 1,209.6 | 1,408.2 | 1,657.7 | 1,739.9 | 1,743.1 | 1,727.6 | |
| Estonia | 1,902.6 | 2,451.2 | 3,057.8 | 3,392.8 | 3,457.8 | 3,338.4 | 3,285.6 | 3,188.5 | 3,296.4 | 3,552.5 | 3,766.1 | 3,770.4 | 3,836.4 | 4,036.1 | 4,654.9 | |
| Greece | 1,787.2 | 2,217.3 | 2,236.3 | 2,655.5 | 2,733.9 | 3,196.5 | 2,726.6 | 3,250.6 | 3,416.1 | 3,644.6 | 4,008.2 | 4,244.4 | 4,926.8 | |||
| Iceland | 7,337.8 | 7,088.8 | 5,739.7 | 5,979.7 | 5,645.7 | 6,941.3 | 6,863.5 | |||||||||
| North Macedonia | 645.5 | 532.9 | 535.9 | 450.8 | 623.9 | 693.8 | 867.5 | 897.2 | 901.8 | 778.2 | 862.5 | 858.8 | 868.9 | 843.9 | 730.9 | 922.5 |
| Netherlands | 2,637.9 | 2,909.0 | 3,210.0 | 3,648.1 | 4,336.1 | 4,887.4 | 4,926.1 | 4,891.8 | 5,109.2 | 5,273.2 | 5,496.8 | 5,592.1 | 5,799.3 | 6,003.9 | 6,319.2 | |
| Norway | 4,602.6 | 5,444.7 | 5,533.9 | 5,584.1 | 5,605.0 | 5,722.6 | 5,929.9 | 6,120.8 | 6,396.2 | 6,484.2 | 6,737.6 | 6,766.0 | 7,228.7 | 7,394.8 | ||
| Poland | 1,442.0 | 1,629.6 | 1,697.0 | 1,679.9 | 1,752.1 | 1,868.3 | 2,054.7 | 2,158.4 | 2,304.0 | 2,994.9 | 3,079.5 | 3,159.1 | 3,260.2 | 3,558.2 | 3,721.1 | |
| Portugal | 1,633.8 | 2,013.3 | 3,923.8 | 4,166.1 | 4,032.3 | 3,605.8 | 3,658.4 | 3,724.6 | 3,992.1 | 4,348.1 | 4,614.4 | 4,859.2 | 5,131.4 | 5,430.9 | 5,686.7 | |
| Romania | 926.2 | 1,077.6 | 964.5 | 789.9 | 891.6 | 923.7 | 904.8 | 876.4 | 910.4 | 887.7 | 876.2 | 887.5 | 942.3 | 988.7 | 998.7 | |
| Russian Federation | 3,446.2 | 3,206.2 | 3,071.6 | 3,109.4 | 3,075.2 | 3,050.3 | 3,072.9 | 3,096.0 | 2,947.0 | 2,812.0 | 2,772.6 | 2,734.7 | 2,710.2 | 2,662.5 | 2,683.9 | |
| Slovak Republic | 1,850.5 | 2,031.1 | 2,817.4 | 2,840.9 | 2,827.1 | 2,723.2 | 2,723.7 | 2,658.9 | 2,609.1 | 2,803.1 | 3,003.4 | 3,116.8 | 3,167.4 | 3,211.1 | 3,387.5 | |
| Slovenia | 2,183.7 | 2,634.5 | 3,770.4 | 4,288.0 | 4,330.7 | 4,236.5 | 4,166.9 | 3,836.5 | 3,939.8 | 4,510.8 | 4,880.5 | 5,060.6 | 5,187.2 | 5,235.2 | 5,370.4 | |
| Spain | 1,874.1 | 2,516.2 | 2,880.0 | 2,775.3 | 2,693.4 | 2,623.6 | 2,614.4 | 2,622.5 | 2,712.7 | 2,847.4 | 2,984.3 | 3,048.2 | 3,051.6 | 3,229.6 | 3,387.5 | |
| Sweden | 6,103.3 | 5,279.2 | 5,172.5 | 5,196.7 | 6,717.6 | 6,909.5 | 6,846.1 | 7,143.4 | 7,316.6 | 7,425.7 | 7,685.8 | 7,754.6 | 8,159.8 | 8,623.7 | ||
| Switzerland | 3,643.7 | 4,497.5 | 5,308.7 | 5,257.3 | 5,561.7 | 6,021.4 | ||||||||||
| Turkiye | 355.0 | 567.5 | 882.5 | 977.3 | 1,100.2 | 1,175.9 | 1,163.5 | 1,136.2 | 1,263.8 | 1,420.6 | 1,585.1 | 1,737.6 | 1,964.7 | 2,209.7 | 2,478.7 | |
| United Kingdom | 2,893.4 | 4,117.7 | 4,089.2 | 3,973.0 | 4,018.0 | 4,171.8 | 4,280.8 | 4,389.6 | 4,434.7 | 4,472.7 | ||||||
| United States | 3,487.8 | 3,560.3 | 3,550.1 | 3,659.1 | 3,642.6 | 3,725.8 | 3,824.0 | 3,858.0 | 3,809.1 | 3,931.6 | 4,226.8 | 4,265.9 | 4,464.1 | 4,825.2 | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 61.5 | 155.7 | 228.0 | 283.7 | 353.7 | 406.9 | 471.5 | 459.8 | 451.0 | 446.1 | 445.7 | 540.1 | 669.8 | |||
| Luxembourg | 3,800.2 | 4,826.4 | 5,200.1 | 5,525.7 | 4,402.0 | 4,661.6 | 4,782.9 | 4,636.4 | 4,802.2 | 4,969.2 | 4,754.9 | 5,090.8 | 4,688.8 | 4,939.1 | 4,879.2 | |
| Uzbekistan | 665.8 | 638.5 | 551.7 | 582.3 | 520.3 | 514.8 | 509.0 | 504.7 | 513.0 | 502.0 | 482.0 | 422.1 | 426.5 | 523.9 | 543.8 | 542.1 |
| Malta | 1,162.4 | 1,391.9 | 1,761.1 | 1,968.7 | 1,880.5 | 1,835.3 | 1,865.3 | 1,989.6 | 2,027.4 | 1,904.9 | 1,902.7 | 1,964.9 | 2,157.6 | 2,427.6 | ||
| Finland | 7,558.7 | 7,740.9 | 7,442.0 | 7,492.5 | 7,222.8 | 7,022.2 | 6,856.0 | 6,543.7 | 6,731.5 | 6,872.7 | 7,245.9 | 7,548.3 | 7,870.4 | 8,073.1 | ||
| Moldova | 717.4 | 760.2 | 777.2 | 768.6 | 736.9 | 925.3 | 946.5 | 912.0 | 923.5 | 903.4 | 823.5 | 774.7 | 781.2 | 768.0 | 717.4 | |
| Kazakhstan | 360.1 | 375.5 | 596.8 | 720.2 | 781.4 | 760.8 | 678.9 | 650.8 | 650.0 | 619.6 | 668.8 | 610.0 | 661.7 | 693.1 | ||
| Serbia | 1,503.4 | 1,616.2 | 1,635.4 | 1,718.6 | 1,822.7 | 2,060.1 | 2,121.9 | 2,067.7 | 2,076.0 | 2,087.3 | 2,149.9 | 2,206.7 | 2,349.7 | 2,515.3 | ||
| Ukraine | 1,306.7 | 1,237.5 | 1,210.0 | 1,139.6 | 1,002.5 | 1,006.0 | 1,037.2 | 994.1 | 988.1 | 880.6 | 846.2 | 774.1 | 586.1 | |||
| Montenegro | 643.0 | 637.6 | 665.3 | 830.6 | 716.9 | 708.8 | 775.0 | 764.4 | ||||||||
| Georgia | 599.6 | 1,126.8 | 1,359.0 | 1,383.7 | 1,381.9 | 1,544.7 | 1,788.4 | 1,799.2 | 1,703.0 | 1,809.0 | 1,768.2 | |||||
| Monaco | 309.9 | |||||||||||||||
| Mongolia | 332.4 | 681.4 | 535.4 | |||||||||||||
| Azerbaijan | 1,715.5 | 1,732.4 | 1,743.4 | 1,702.3 | 1,663.3 | |||||||||||
| Belarus | 1,473.4 | 1,439.2 | 1,434.2 | 1,504.4 | ||||||||||||
| Armenia | 1,187.4 | 1,039.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Liechtenstein | 20,047.0 | 18,129.8 |