Changes in net reserves is the net change in a country's holdings of international reserves resulting from transactions on the current, capital, and financial accounts. Reserve assets are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, and include holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other reserve assets. Also included are net credit and loans from the IMF (excluding reserve position) and total exceptional financing. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
| 1970 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland | -5,501,781,204 | 624,156,607 | 8,142,810,903 | 15,109,369,316 | 6,113,859,932 | 11,187,757,156 | 945,832,437 | 370,511,027 | 1,098,091,137 | 22,666,579,774 | -7,785,680,267 | 7,238,005,154 | 10,182,009,842 | 18,737,237,516 | 18,900,741,754 | 12,790,898,704 | 20,851,403,079 | 29,227,368,046 | |
| Switzerland | 1,169,228,617 | -4,617,415,380 | -17,134,775,160 | 125,382,339,066 | 54,666,259,908 | 184,517,102,805 | 13,993,611,089 | 40,840,310,710 | 98,770,365,430 | 78,207,226,238 | 61,682,794,359 | 13,789,112,495 | 16,177,307,083 | 122,415,168,224 | 48,256,198,499 | -21,146,389,588 | -132,032,344,703 | 26,145,736,959 | |
| Canada | 1,654,456,688 | 1,138,865,729 | 3,719,099,442 | 1,337,816,725 | 3,814,579,540 | 7,916,718,686 | 1,729,255,583 | 4,750,792,694 | 5,274,307,912 | 8,480,409,613 | 5,603,378,005 | 856,690,100 | -1,602,695,367 | 147,896,035 | 1,281,870,376 | 20,508,838,694 | 11,068,932,245 | 7,669,654,548 | 5,498,278,304 |
| Sweden | 67,106,072 | 7,551,692,246 | 140,228,606 | 249,722,631 | -1,189,909,458 | 647,025,612 | 547,955,397 | 14,910,289,429 | 485,739,702 | 1,310,965,161 | 4,381,767,896 | 137,870,091 | 73,685,151 | -6,748,212,482 | -585,190,207 | 6,241,062,913 | 7,946,002,616 | -5,742,528,877 | 3,384,565,084 |
| Slovak Republic | 919,656,256 | 1,289,099,345 | 36,663,789 | 119,184,829 | -21,354,597 | 96,430,121 | 552,569,195 | 335,196,447 | -64,055,984 | 542,596,889 | 1,683,958,148 | 1,642,026,052 | 1,488,510,754 | 501,208,306 | 1,350,322,710 | 660,160,257 | 2,818,089,526 | ||
| Italy | 342,269,999 | 11,664,722,648 | 3,245,580,607 | -1,031,112,089 | 1,335,572,095 | 1,169,214,747 | 1,878,109,361 | 1,997,306,265 | -1,212,583,722 | 594,057,618 | -1,288,788,026 | 2,916,421,879 | 3,073,958,050 | 3,637,301,602 | 4,630,557,337 | 24,374,656,109 | 2,000,826,765 | 2,962,285,861 | 2,263,773,698 |
| United States | -1,697,710,000 | 2,232,799,985 | 294,855,660 | -14,086,605,634 | 1,823,049,367 | 15,982,755,063 | 4,464,394,271 | -3,088,287,206 | -3,583,526,203 | -6,305,565,601 | 2,101,897,815 | -1,695,243,525 | 5,004,277,776 | 4,660,096,095 | 8,967,520,118 | 114,257,699,124 | 5,814,051,019 | 35,739,002 | 2,110,690,362 |
| France | 10,946,792,361 | -2,436,427,992 | -9,026,463,011 | 7,780,897,390 | -8,390,293,653 | 5,489,198,193 | -2,015,625,696 | 1,110,436,027 | 7,990,908,705 | 2,304,897,437 | -3,363,510,193 | 12,442,281,008 | 3,162,634,273 | 4,537,610,252 | 27,009,305,496 | 1,676,981,023 | -21,623,187,885 | 1,619,679,176 | |
| Lithuania | 157,992,738 | 711,552,782 | 491,140,598 | 1,875,305,633 | 119,936,580 | -575,870,341 | 1,615,818,251 | -1,480,939,162 | 902,787,826 | 1,698,092,094 | 1,379,298,556 | -661,346,718 | -425,034,233 | 738,187,978 | 87,210,231 | 668,269,542 | 1,535,811,420 | ||
| Spain | 7,188,037,070 | -2,876,187,319 | -1,915,122,760 | 1,052,047,170 | 13,778,251,291 | 3,181,606,469 | 839,120,047 | 4,897,071,998 | 5,615,179,588 | 9,272,178,186 | 4,276,331,602 | 2,561,026,728 | 763,524,137 | -262,497,183 | 12,151,521,760 | 4,396,066,551 | 6,445,002,335 | 1,452,034,781 | |
| Denmark | 3,384,720,581 | -5,521,247,989 | -1,505,558,624 | 4,472,020,234 | 11,069,661,956 | 1,851,535,767 | -993,671,132 | -8,158,054,252 | -3,083,699,469 | 1,510,075,158 | 2,611,119,328 | -1,148,809,929 | -3,209,278,836 | -760,435,349 | 14,580,920,897 | 7,222,358,150 | 5,348,408,015 | 1,432,030,475 | |
| Czechia | 843,586,379 | 3,878,730,525 | 2,076,244,474 | -1,000,263,264 | 4,186,402,134 | 9,613,637,993 | 3,540,116,483 | 14,287,992,354 | 22,983,107,211 | 49,369,837,967 | 2,219,593,375 | 4,783,176,799 | 2,042,084,918 | 13,543,205,442 | -12,207,016,933 | 1,556,624,644 | 1,152,165,758 | ||
| Romania | -1,494,236,648 | 907,951,264 | 6,803,817,388 | -1,155,824,208 | 201,875,560 | 229,661,039 | 8,825,257,975 | 3,960,586,124 | 894,591,374 | 2,619,198,149 | 338,569,547 | -935,789,845 | -289,753,216 | 6,479,515,766 | 2,659,286,415 | 6,740,922,613 | 14,346,862,395 | 970,980,041 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 60,790,565 | 491,400,632 | -60,314,599 | -24,097,689 | -82,325,897 | 524,411,021 | 377,047,729 | 549,843,339 | 534,582,324 | 906,717,840 | 787,010,767 | 596,905,133 | 376,204,332 | 1,628,651,041 | 80,170,470 | 150,821,499 | 799,714,994 | ||
| Iceland | 73,965,120 | -72,951,228 | 71,013,959 | -10,025,194,156 | -5,121,576,819 | -990,573,101 | 132,051,240 | 3,588,368,487 | 71,177,266,122 | 2,425,104,239 | -830,085,949 | 33,654,330 | 552,880,668 | -217,725,786 | 1,138,173,478 | -458,193,700 | -366,931,095 | 721,990,598 | |
| Finland | 3,931,199,350 | 352,098,364 | -177,947,237 | -2,117,633,012 | 518,369,063 | 686,496,173 | 1,048,616,825 | -285,633,594 | -265,378,242 | 597,935,391 | -443,959,589 | -71,620,570 | 615,551,388 | 991,179,509 | 3,439,398,040 | 389,851,891 | 38,646,191 | 686,132,527 | |
| Tajikistan | 10,144,552 | -8,186,144 | 108,432,832 | 81,866,174 | -43,547,241 | -85,113,056 | 29,590,468 | 66,265,382 | 556,943,021 | -235,284,693 | 201,707,705 | 1,084,167,809 | 1,007,438,238 | 966,800,660 | 750,578,239 | 683,758,985 | |||
| Portugal | 3,541,608,924 | 370,194,813 | -1,104,525,910 | 1,317,112,724 | -19,891,064,598 | -10,373,504,228 | -3,985,823,517 | -184,631,501 | 10,786,325,948 | 10,081,304,601 | 10,005,186,297 | 5,253,804,245 | -2,512,238,442 | -545,167,530 | 4,256,981,404 | -61,817,985 | -536,126,978 | 565,631,035 | |
| Turkiye | 942,912,591 | -3,933,502,040 | 23,174,978,762 | 14,970,524,869 | 1,007,638,603 | 22,820,409,075 | 10,774,107,708 | -484,483,484 | -11,831,052,026 | 812,918,777 | -8,207,234,352 | -10,377,407,744 | 6,323,528,012 | -31,845,809,458 | 23,435,057,543 | 12,311,368,681 | -2,024,665,358 | 495,570,087 | |
| Albania | -238,000,000 | 119,893,129 | 147,780,092 | 250,020,161 | -24,524,880 | 106,170,768 | 146,770,503 | 66,314,343 | 576,420,370 | -108,936,777 | 111,171,225 | 426,180,794 | -68,253,363 | 554,338,304 | 1,139,718,148 | -19,660,827 | 1,127,899,903 | 439,817,767 | |
| Slovenia | 178,203,946 | 206,371,187 | -31,032,279 | -104,385,410 | -41,856,893 | 5,431,753 | 124,337,814 | -123,296,365 | -108,401,461 | 95,893,214 | 58,215,190 | 42,206,103 | 192,341,142 | 970,827,490 | 175,175,999 | -1,141,474 | 357,993,999 | ||
| Montenegro | 13,417,254 | -149,667,528 | 52,674,567 | 105,261,648 | 161,118,502 | 93,727,996 | 136,569,132 | 123,154,150 | 234,192,855 | 345,736,646 | 379,425,733 | -6,655,950 | 155,688,897 | -504,827,504 | 304,091,340 | ||||
| Armenia | 16,911,989 | 238,670,581 | -266,857,716 | 8,623,874 | -891,449 | 661,682,046 | -545,003,832 | 341,162,797 | 446,805,455 | 79,047,198 | 30,634,753 | 664,997,570 | -518,635,499 | 755,604,930 | 874,773,876 | -491,258,855 | 274,262,938 | ||
| North Macedonia | 279,166,959 | 410,554,208 | 78,112,162 | 132,794,168 | 184,670,735 | -47,543,445 | 660,100,570 | -45,583,316 | 373,952,458 | -155,378,540 | 650,599,831 | 415,099,825 | -74,964,271 | 367,404,734 | 95,444,402 | 683,814,489 | 272,771,970 | ||
| Croatia | 649,495,463 | 1,018,670,682 | 44,315,594 | 628,494,689 | 78,252,286 | 2,472,494,128 | -763,983,940 | 843,207,236 | -310,477,075 | 2,892,919,098 | 1,833,524,999 | 1,144,547,047 | 809,546,067 | 7,150,647,957 | 2,964,243,950 | -875,336,753 | 252,546,717 | ||
| Hungary | -412,803,904 | 1,059,813,080 | 4,904,162,641 | 4,162,434,188 | 5,549,772,340 | 621,437,954 | 8,341,562,800 | 1,199,163,815 | -5,389,009,224 | -6,841,447,518 | 67,096,983 | 4,083,749,766 | 334,369,097 | 6,954,525,849 | 4,345,684,456 | 872,247,769 | 2,825,727,322 | 235,520,233 | |
| Malta | -96,326,320 | -221,860,959 | 219,211,012 | 26,826,672 | -60,991,823 | 163,768,692 | -46,838,914 | 29,984,927 | -98,175,196 | 101,888,337 | 118,136,454 | 252,927,577 | -122,821,794 | -71,742,950 | -36,650,478 | 136,075,952 | -18,036,684 | 211,270,481 | |
| Cyprus | 293,783,344 | -8,168,543 | 702,724,451 | -296,372,232 | -10,438,614 | -60,434,890 | -385,971,358 | -224,943,825 | -457,895,512 | -162,897,670 | 303,841,443 | 59,985,561 | -1,618,582 | 817,760,834 | 420,622,426 | 98,626,452 | -4,382,407 | 73,960,732 | |
| Latvia | 2,825,456 | 524,781,836 | 577,813,857 | -1,200,507,972 | 2,538,692,443 | 520,423,773 | -154,715,096 | 347,727,713 | 118,546,571 | 1,029,701,502 | -147,371,770 | -103,909,254 | 513,141,315 | 171,789,120 | -458,627,219 | 256,825,055 | 35,108,777 | ||
| Ukraine | 1,003,774,246 | 10,724,432,758 | 5,044,903,780 | -2,453,994,566 | -4,174,244,444 | 2,004,946,564 | -13,306,790,960 | 792,569,040 | 1,367,995,787 | 2,561,004,022 | 2,878,761,889 | 5,979,005,308 | 1,991,885,392 | 3,212,933,368 | -2,897,042,290 | 9,441,442,580 | -30,743,140 | ||
| Norway | 392,551,638 | 3,685,755,179 | 4,381,988,763 | 4,179,030,488 | -3,544,824,726 | 535,425,140 | 3,196,581,034 | 7,179,169,156 | -4,973,879,400 | 2,829,711,406 | -145,628,764 | -297,201,856 | 84,831,608 | 3,849,718,372 | 10,122,986,109 | -2,480,391,978 | 3,283,454,356 | -36,033,477 | |
| Belarus | 117,859,948 | 548,083,673 | -1,477,357,369 | 1,550,469,111 | 106,560,281 | -94,297,466 | -2,145,442,978 | -544,274,085 | 482,584,272 | 1,363,704,500 | -106,669,965 | 1,800,837,886 | -2,679,097,906 | 914,729,637 | -356,974,152 | -298,684,933 | -77,239,661 | ||
| Luxembourg | -69,049,354 | 34,276,523 | 163,972,522 | -21,890,929 | 74,223,105 | -129,948,677 | -56,270,527 | 220,557,877 | -143,094,757 | 76,096,902 | 99,950,344 | 1,811,226 | 1,864,787,733 | 95,156,437 | 64,369,840 | -158,368,440 | |||
| Moldova | -4,886,030 | 114,196,612 | 67,117,883 | 94,189,058 | 321,101,995 | 303,593,760 | -509,167,078 | -265,946,690 | 568,667,265 | 531,954,600 | 290,542,162 | 62,789,883 | 360,737,792 | 120,442,955 | 445,458,740 | 630,730,816 | -167,682,680 | ||
| Greece | 280,050,286 | 2,572,263,646 | -102,956,536 | -13,936,453,738 | -13,310,001,054 | -2,136,885,495 | -6,456,617,393 | 5,464,390,028 | 10,584,866,086 | 4,268,034,816 | 988,248,434 | 1,963,552,258 | 4,924,550,738 | 1,772,034,125 | 7,334,918,213 | 44,639,867 | 567,468,979 | -281,241,345 | |
| Estonia | 127,587,184 | 385,466,883 | -1,111,496,261 | 17,125,553 | 91,831,615 | 12,050,284 | 164,229,693 | 26,135,812 | -48,245,713 | -31,961,221 | 481,500,789 | 667,493,003 | 363,145,137 | 520,438,360 | 162,869,932 | 277,101,216 | -345,656,001 | ||
| Austria | -750,734,991 | 1,445,048,887 | 992,083,718 | 1,243,471,715 | 525,522,399 | 2,891,314,632 | -363,231,368 | 534,419,743 | -3,497,680,858 | 2,620,758,658 | -206,071,046 | 1,739,967,694 | 4,861,185,160 | 667,463,948 | -4,344,978,004 | -353,919,082 | |||
| Uzbekistan | 601,435,456 | 1,255,363,953 | 2,524,518,628 | -66,303,911 | 745,727,020 | -367,590,496 | 217,776,976 | 552,413,576 | -255,997,236 | -1,563,677,963 | 1,406,589,605 | 1,395,599,041 | -468,888,319 | -1,321,692,719 | -2,692,013,536 | -612,558,275 | |||
| Georgia | 10,880,831 | 47,059,817 | -212,357,888 | 466,701,840 | 212,580,756 | 251,855,598 | 22,965,423 | -132,850,682 | 168,882,875 | 75,469,518 | 173,645,109 | 107,092,033 | -195,306,254 | 242,959,861 | 700,433,409 | -8,807,342 | -631,488,105 | ||
| Netherlands | 709,033,370 | 267,848,127 | 220,279,030 | -1,789,503,898 | 126,666,206 | 3,901,526,980 | 4,284,184,003 | -420,654,150 | -2,593,758,616 | -443,079,776 | -3,404,022,664 | -1,769,289,021 | 504,582,455 | 532,154,198 | -152,888,131 | 12,819,935,147 | 53,826,865 | 1,083,270,864 | -765,050,070 |
| Azerbaijan | 325,587,887 | 160,501,407 | 1,370,028,919 | 4,185,529,225 | 1,105,832,067 | 2,232,675,908 | 213,520,809 | -8,428,845,767 | -992,410,844 | 1,294,781,737 | 318,675,624 | 642,373,814 | 75,627,855 | 1,333,054,605 | 2,151,262,778 | 2,377,908,573 | -766,182,955 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 570,077,769 | -1,943,790,035 | 4,706,354,383 | 300,448,466 | -4,306,492,256 | -2,379,747,203 | 4,254,881,206 | -767,844,257 | -72,140,003 | -1,365,368,753 | -1,526,404,957 | -6,599,674,265 | -3,192,579,164 | -4,793,546,110 | -2,180,034,140 | -5,921,850,259 | -892,820,262 | ||
| Bulgaria | -4,454,000,000 | 137,021,874 | 708,740,793 | -413,862,613 | 265,545,506 | 2,678,804,893 | -755,271,424 | 2,338,106,387 | 4,044,961,360 | 3,852,718,059 | -88,377,455 | 1,516,878,422 | -631,194,028 | 6,698,971,241 | 4,046,030,218 | 3,855,067,860 | 3,569,370,023 | -959,765,903 | |
| Germany | 7,253,555,899 | -5,224,960,509 | -2,601,720,493 | 2,134,345,645 | 3,917,705,196 | 1,699,738,000 | 1,155,710,414 | -3,296,664,895 | -2,421,942,263 | 1,896,844,161 | -1,482,727,059 | 455,228,508 | -594,219,616 | -66,916,004 | 37,469,825,956 | 4,744,603,710 | 949,103,221 | -1,554,128,087 | |
| Belgium | -2,174,985,727 | 820,363,791 | 1,498,216,713 | 668,325,656 | -471,812,506 | -1,356,504,920 | -1,074,868,079 | -1,011,795,232 | 1,232,746,048 | 859,775,277 | -34,367,659 | 1,127,163,460 | 9,673,983,963 | 146,342,498 | -2,234,102,670 | -2,741,065,104 | |||
| United Kingdom | 802,989,688 | 41,700,195 | 5,298,826,797 | 1,732,045,781 | 10,009,563,296 | 10,871,667,010 | 11,626,836,576 | 6,955,697,855 | 10,140,985,624 | 31,315,856,444 | 8,649,136,748 | 7,527,129,246 | 24,335,190,264 | -1,161,808,516 | -4,223,901,271 | 23,363,556,431 | -1,730,129,125 | -4,943,183,619 | -3,851,737,409 |
| Mongolia | 35,900,000 | -25,243,679 | 54,224,822 | 874,837,795 | 17,811,476 | 1,638,991,897 | -1,866,808,361 | -470,940,885 | -268,071,058 | -10,803,220 | 1,459,867,003 | -141,359,628 | 452,863,437 | 687,139,959 | -221,638,698 | -727,191,120 | 1,457,008,739 | ||
| Kyrgyz Republic | -32,871,214 | 68,380,545 | 103,224,199 | 95,980,511 | 133,428,108 | 53,986,013 | -264,557,164 | -77,780,701 | 306,280,600 | 42,300,245 | -158,704,395 | 41,991,791 | -123,519,261 | 564,541,465 | -440,005,478 | ||||
| Russian Federation | 18,908,016,678 | 64,957,324,481 | 36,749,220,491 | 12,638,188,696 | 30,019,584,462 | -22,078,070,742 | -107,545,377,575 | 1,701,961,898 | 8,241,570,443 | 22,627,687,780 | 38,197,497,830 | 66,484,094,124 | -13,754,079,216 | 63,566,909,888 | |||||
| Ireland | -1,776,083,298 | -41,708,609 | -17,640,396,932 | -8,470,278,897 | -4,422,360,047 | 11,309,428,609 | 11,768,910,588 | 1,435,462,670 | 5,861,884,937 | 874,105,752 | 469,633,061 | 1,507,476,709 | 5,837,163,386 | 466,686,441 | -378,107,685 | ||||
| Serbia | -1,676,025,969 | 2,429,261,342 | -1,179,561,562 | 1,837,200,781 | -1,596,434,265 | 349,507,958 | -332,622,060 | 305,022,939 | 1,352,560,006 | 2,090,475,050 | 311,882,334 | 3,103,740,742 | 1,688,354,881 | 5,304,593,550 | |||||
| Andorra | 50,285,399 | 112,423,326 | 210,593,776 | -70,554 | |||||||||||||||
| San Marino | -198,703,214 | 258,313 | 183,168,627 | 251,362,759 | 239,930,682 | -184,593,692 |