R&D Expenditure - Scientific and technical journal articles

OSCE Topics Research and Development R&D Expenditure

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Albania	22	26	125	141	151	149	154	159	165	133	171	203	167	241	239
Andorra	0	5	1	1	5	5	4	8	8	2	3	5	8	9	10
Armenia	348	395	494	589	549	532	541	534	537	539	525	627	622	576	655
Austria	6,615	9,013	11,212	11,807	12,182	12,415	12,633	13,137	12,976	13,072	13,121	13,708	14,005	14,970	14,537
Azerbaijan	159	360	604	641	680	476	391	450	593	732	811	924	1,034	1,014	1,175
Belarus	1,203	1,339	1,054	1,115	1,043	1,107	1,060	988	1,008	1,080	1,229	1,502	1,521	1,597	1,519
Belgium	9,593	12,766	15,080	15,583	16,328	16,590	16,888	16,730	16,793	16,306	16,530	16,645	16,947	18,320	17,612
Bosnia and Herzegovina	77	256	492	551	550	490	492	584	585	749	761	829	1,005	1,123	1,039
Bulgaria	1,677	2,033	2,606	2,459	2,649	2,680	2,662	2,555	2,544	2,964	3,375	4,302	4,559	4,859	4,784
Croatia	1,828	3,024	3,971	4,523	4,443	4,242	4,063	4,116	4,068	4,433	4,721	4,751	5,067	5,783	5,711
Cyprus	158	318	712	759	799	965	915	938	1,071	1,224	1,296	1,351	1,467	1,734	1,867
Czechia	5,330	7,858	12,461	13,385	13,618	13,765	15,039	16,488	16,418	16,388	15,900	16,547	15,501	15,883	14,425
Denmark	7,181	8,466	10,314	11,433	12,398	12,912	14,140	14,343	14,396	14,655	14,803	15,073	15,427	16,242	16,126
Estonia	465	720	1,416	1,397	1,497	1,450	1,688	1,545	1,575	1,590	1,504	1,694	1,794	1,878	1,842
Finland	7,505	9,212	10,072	10,344	10,588	10,837	11,283	11,123	11,298	10,980	11,150	11,415	11,315	11,811	12,013
France	50,007	59,948	68,993	70,702	72,431	73,456	73,314	72,733	71,972	70,700	69,234	68,294	67,560	69,471	65,888
Georgia	263	424	345	479	453	470	460	490	592	543	548	621	619	657	599
Germany	69,739	85,128	98,512	101,238	105,639	106,118	108,118	108,479	110,726	111,427	111,308	113,492	112,179	119,604	113,976
Canada	34,253	47,845	56,793	57,716	59,762	60,075	60,859	61,392	61,324	61,602	63,648	64,547	65,332	69,684	69,052
Mongolia	27	40	90	102	128	163	115	102	117	151	152	194	214	284	262
Greece	5,286	9,227	11,935	11,932	11,843	11,775	11,537	11,331	11,176	11,147	11,287	11,909	12,756	14,749	15,105
Hungary	4,412	5,599	5,954	6,441	6,507	6,306	6,670	6,586	6,531	6,766	6,876	7,378	7,762	8,387	8,802
Iceland	220	363	569	548	645	589	597	615	674	641	721	680	687	752	766
Ireland	2,608	4,770	6,941	7,200	7,019	7,077	7,187	6,897	7,149	7,289	7,457	7,999	8,514	9,437	9,254
Italy	36,210	48,094	58,777	60,522	64,131	67,380	69,090	70,947	70,794	72,117	73,694	78,132	86,302	92,877	90,586
Kazakhstan	193	251	322	382	448	622	907	1,110	1,471	1,690	1,974	2,413	2,907	3,295	3,551
Kyrgyz Republic	29	45	35	50	52	56	51	48	106	115	135	186	210	252	237
Latvia	293	455	811	1,271	1,147	1,192	1,163	1,399	1,348	1,557	1,449	1,603	1,550	1,904	1,690
Liechtenstein	16	35	38	39	31	31	40	33	45	36	31	32	40	40	41
Lithuania	599	1,524	2,339	2,444	2,247	2,240	2,444	2,474	2,336	2,400	2,354	2,595	2,889	3,103	3,133
Luxembourg	65	165	453	588	594	766	876	816	874	831	912	955	980	1,076	1,171
North Macedonia	125	175	355	463	478	467	493	481	441	467	448	468	444	441	532
Moldova	191	207	174	188	203	213	206	191	292	239	211	274	299	288	284
Monaco	14	38	43	48	30	38	40	43	43	51	47	48	50	57	57
Netherlands	18,865	24,421	29,400	30,229	31,032	31,621	31,940	31,745	31,496	31,643	32,093	32,282	33,061	34,933	34,311
Norway	5,063	6,830	9,078	9,708	10,328	10,372	10,661	10,716	11,388	11,973	12,413	12,827	13,480	14,195	14,069
Poland	12,984	20,405	24,723	25,613	27,711	29,635	31,104	32,724	34,267	33,887	35,457	36,494	38,445	41,281	37,368
Portugal	3,329	5,961	10,632	11,916	13,002	13,889	14,438	14,810	14,399	14,405	14,906	16,535	17,270	19,600	19,623
Romania	2,270	3,323	9,877	9,663	9,844	9,741	9,746	10,358	9,456	9,735	9,296	10,706	10,335	12,022	11,670
Russian Federation	32,707	34,562	34,294	36,397	36,532	38,953	44,779	51,957	61,137	68,641	77,630	90,820	94,910	100,842	84,252
San Marino	2	1	1	2	4	7	5	7	9	14	12	12	10	16	19
Slovak Republic	2,108	2,503	3,567	3,825	4,189	4,390	4,941	5,066	5,485	5,692	5,238	5,846	5,672	5,844	5,390
Slovenia	1,717	2,363	3,230	3,662	3,562	3,574	3,516	3,603	3,441	3,503	3,390	3,766	3,965	4,471	4,074
Spain	25,001	36,149	49,345	52,409	54,680	54,728	56,178	55,306	55,591	55,884	57,270	60,308	65,542	70,282	67,100
Sweden	14,570	16,627	17,935	18,467	19,422	20,024	21,042	21,198	21,162	21,175	21,255	21,467	21,767	22,724	22,354
Switzerland	12,621	15,615	18,895	19,935	20,963	21,600	22,167	22,207	22,401	23,045	22,750	23,076	23,657	25,078	24,248
Tajikistan	34	33	41	41	48	57	39	56	51	58	60	86	117	129	110
Turkiye	6,815	17,647	26,145	26,839	27,962	30,007	30,611	32,540	34,932	33,087	33,902	37,977	40,923	47,600	52,658
Turkmenistan	6	3	7	12	13	6	19	6	3	8	5	3	6	12	22
Ukraine	5,527	6,117	6,069	6,320	6,659	7,356	7,283	7,534	7,962	9,162	10,355	13,300	14,059	15,134	13,206
United Kingdom	77,969	86,341	95,150	96,414	98,685	99,859	99,811	101,175	101,572	102,027	102,782	103,938	104,648	109,939	105,584
Uzbekistan	363	350	395	381	332	353	334	294	378	340	351	773	1,259	2,408	2,187
Malta	45	81	194	197	249	293	290	331	360	422	446	426	507	528	594
United States	306,473	390,403	413,705	426,832	430,164	432,033	434,412	436,908	437,546	440,418	447,164	451,480	457,587	472,448	457,335
Montenegro	0	0	111	138	159	190	199	224	241	284	256	281	317	314	295
Serbia	0	0	4,072	4,820	5,912	5,275	5,069	4,895	5,031	4,918	4,837	5,062	4,737	5,275	5,379

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

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