Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 2,983 | 3,173 | 3,756 | 3,880 | 4,117 | 4,162 | 4,545 | 4,732 | 4,798 | 4,757 | 5,040 | 5,291 | 5,419 | 6,597 | 6,983 | |
| Czechia | 1,352 | 2,353 | 2,799 | 2,926 | 3,162 | 3,261 | 3,428 | 3,619 | 3,547 | 3,718 | 3,907 | 4,028 | 4,187 | 4,560 | 4,697 | |
| Denmark | 5,207 | 6,764 | 7,046 | 7,182 | 7,115 | 7,358 | 7,566 | 7,852 | 7,648 | 7,598 | 7,694 | 7,651 | 7,708 | 8,736 | ||
| France | 2,903 | 3,298 | 3,850 | 3,921 | 4,052 | 4,134 | 4,210 | 4,311 | 4,392 | 4,547 | 4,671 | 4,774 | 4,883 | 5,058 | 5,182 | |
| Hungary | 1,412 | 1,576 | 2,136 | 2,310 | 2,401 | 2,528 | 2,655 | 2,570 | 2,626 | 2,902 | 3,846 | 4,021 | 4,310 | 4,452 | 4,725 | |
| Bulgaria | 1,180 | 1,302 | 1,471 | 1,606 | 1,537 | 1,685 | 1,822 | 1,977 | 2,237 | 2,125 | 2,343 | 2,420 | 2,401 | 2,347 | 2,557 | |
| Italy | 1,155 | 1,413 | 1,723 | 1,761 | 1,831 | 1,916 | 1,947 | 2,076 | 2,210 | 2,322 | 2,524 | 2,671 | 2,615 | 2,659 | 2,796 | |
| Latvia | 1,601 | 1,458 | 1,837 | 1,902 | 1,909 | 1,791 | 1,872 | 1,819 | 1,601 | 1,785 | 1,786 | 1,891 | 2,134 | 2,395 | 2,270 | |
| Lithuania | 2,215 | 2,276 | 2,736 | 2,748 | 2,671 | 2,879 | 3,082 | 2,795 | 2,950 | 3,068 | 3,181 | 3,445 | 3,643 | 3,947 | 4,154 | |
| Germany | 3,154 | 3,316 | 4,056 | 4,192 | 4,356 | 4,380 | 4,336 | 4,755 | 4,840 | 5,058 | 5,209 | 5,399 | 5,390 | 5,521 | 5,787 | |
| Ireland | 2,256 | 2,821 | 3,117 | 3,341 | 4,874 | 5,142 | 5,291 | 5,242 | 5,144 | 5,114 | 4,657 | 4,961 | 5,196 | 5,213 | 5,512 | |
| Canada | 3,510 | 4,234 | 4,664 | 4,803 | 4,652 | 4,648 | 4,564 | 4,546 | 4,400 | 4,429 | 4,716 | 4,851 | 5,156 | 5,412 | ||
| Austria | 3,471 | 4,379 | 4,431 | 4,721 | 4,782 | 5,009 | 5,073 | 5,400 | 5,416 | 5,682 | 5,959 | 5,829 | 6,323 | 6,659 | ||
| Croatia | 1,555 | 1,328 | 1,649 | 1,594 | 1,567 | 1,536 | 1,445 | 1,514 | 1,871 | 1,901 | 1,973 | 2,204 | 2,295 | 2,414 | 2,534 | |
| Cyprus | 439 | 930 | 1,105 | 1,092 | 1,022 | 1,027 | 1,051 | 1,011 | 1,059 | 1,210 | 1,408 | 1,658 | 1,740 | 1,743 | 1,728 | |
| Estonia | 1,903 | 2,451 | 3,058 | 3,393 | 3,458 | 3,338 | 3,286 | 3,188 | 3,296 | 3,552 | 3,766 | 3,770 | 3,836 | 4,036 | 4,655 | |
| Greece | 1,787 | 2,217 | 2,236 | 2,655 | 2,734 | 3,197 | 2,727 | 3,251 | 3,416 | 3,645 | 4,008 | 4,244 | 4,927 | |||
| Iceland | 7,338 | 7,089 | 5,740 | 5,980 | 5,646 | 6,941 | 6,864 | |||||||||
| North Macedonia | 645 | 533 | 536 | 451 | 624 | 694 | 868 | 897 | 902 | 778 | 862 | 859 | 869 | 844 | 731 | 922 |
| Netherlands | 2,638 | 2,909 | 3,210 | 3,648 | 4,336 | 4,887 | 4,926 | 4,892 | 5,109 | 5,273 | 5,497 | 5,592 | 5,799 | 6,004 | 6,319 | |
| Norway | 4,603 | 5,445 | 5,534 | 5,584 | 5,605 | 5,723 | 5,930 | 6,121 | 6,396 | 6,484 | 6,738 | 6,766 | 7,229 | 7,395 | ||
| Poland | 1,442 | 1,630 | 1,697 | 1,680 | 1,752 | 1,868 | 2,055 | 2,158 | 2,304 | 2,995 | 3,079 | 3,159 | 3,260 | 3,558 | 3,721 | |
| Portugal | 1,634 | 2,013 | 3,924 | 4,166 | 4,032 | 3,606 | 3,658 | 3,725 | 3,992 | 4,348 | 4,614 | 4,859 | 5,131 | 5,431 | 5,687 | |
| Romania | 926 | 1,078 | 965 | 790 | 892 | 924 | 905 | 876 | 910 | 888 | 876 | 887 | 942 | 989 | 999 | |
| Russian Federation | 3,446 | 3,206 | 3,072 | 3,109 | 3,075 | 3,050 | 3,073 | 3,096 | 2,947 | 2,812 | 2,773 | 2,735 | 2,710 | 2,662 | 2,684 | |
| Slovak Republic | 1,851 | 2,031 | 2,817 | 2,841 | 2,827 | 2,723 | 2,724 | 2,659 | 2,609 | 2,803 | 3,003 | 3,117 | 3,167 | 3,211 | 3,387 | |
| Slovenia | 2,184 | 2,634 | 3,770 | 4,288 | 4,331 | 4,237 | 4,167 | 3,837 | 3,940 | 4,511 | 4,880 | 5,061 | 5,187 | 5,235 | 5,370 | |
| Spain | 1,874 | 2,516 | 2,880 | 2,775 | 2,693 | 2,624 | 2,614 | 2,623 | 2,713 | 2,847 | 2,984 | 3,048 | 3,052 | 3,230 | 3,387 | |
| Sweden | 6,103 | 5,279 | 5,172 | 5,197 | 6,718 | 6,909 | 6,846 | 7,143 | 7,317 | 7,426 | 7,686 | 7,755 | 8,160 | 8,624 | ||
| Switzerland | 3,644 | 4,497 | 5,309 | 5,257 | 5,562 | 6,021 | ||||||||||
| Turkiye | 355 | 568 | 883 | 977 | 1,100 | 1,176 | 1,164 | 1,136 | 1,264 | 1,421 | 1,585 | 1,738 | 1,965 | 2,210 | 2,479 | |
| United Kingdom | 2,893 | 4,118 | 4,089 | 3,973 | 4,018 | 4,172 | 4,281 | 4,390 | 4,435 | 4,473 | ||||||
| United States | 3,488 | 3,560 | 3,550 | 3,659 | 3,643 | 3,726 | 3,824 | 3,858 | 3,809 | 3,932 | 4,227 | 4,266 | 4,464 | 4,825 | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 61 | 156 | 228 | 284 | 354 | 407 | 472 | 460 | 451 | 446 | 446 | 540 | 670 | |||
| Luxembourg | 3,800 | 4,826 | 5,200 | 5,526 | 4,402 | 4,662 | 4,783 | 4,636 | 4,802 | 4,969 | 4,755 | 5,091 | 4,689 | 4,939 | 4,879 | |
| Uzbekistan | 666 | 638 | 552 | 582 | 520 | 515 | 509 | 505 | 513 | 502 | 482 | 422 | 426 | 524 | 544 | 542 |
| Malta | 1,162 | 1,392 | 1,761 | 1,969 | 1,880 | 1,835 | 1,865 | 1,990 | 2,027 | 1,905 | 1,903 | 1,965 | 2,158 | 2,428 | ||
| Finland | 7,559 | 7,741 | 7,442 | 7,492 | 7,223 | 7,022 | 6,856 | 6,544 | 6,731 | 6,873 | 7,246 | 7,548 | 7,870 | 8,073 | ||
| Moldova | 717 | 760 | 777 | 769 | 737 | 925 | 946 | 912 | 923 | 903 | 824 | 775 | 781 | 768 | 717 | |
| Kazakhstan | 360 | 375 | 597 | 720 | 781 | 761 | 679 | 651 | 650 | 620 | 669 | 610 | 662 | 693 | ||
| Serbia | 1,503 | 1,616 | 1,635 | 1,719 | 1,823 | 2,060 | 2,122 | 2,068 | 2,076 | 2,087 | 2,150 | 2,207 | 2,350 | 2,515 | ||
| Ukraine | 1,307 | 1,237 | 1,210 | 1,140 | 1,003 | 1,006 | 1,037 | 994 | 988 | 881 | 846 | 774 | 586 | |||
| Montenegro | 643 | 638 | 665 | 831 | 717 | 709 | 775 | 764 | ||||||||
| Georgia | 600 | 1,127 | 1,359 | 1,384 | 1,382 | 1,545 | 1,788 | 1,799 | 1,703 | 1,809 | 1,768 | |||||
| Monaco | 310 | |||||||||||||||
| Mongolia | 332 | 681 | 535 | |||||||||||||
| Azerbaijan | 1,715 | 1,732 | 1,743 | 1,702 | 1,663 | |||||||||||
| Belarus | 1,473 | 1,439 | 1,434 | 1,504 | ||||||||||||
| Armenia | 1,187 | 1,040 | ||||||||||||||
| Liechtenstein | 20,047 | 18,130 |