Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.

Technicians in R&D (number per million people)

20002005201020112012201320142015201620172018
Germany1,1591,4011,7251,7331,7101,8831,9101,9462,007
Belgium1,4031,4271,3161,378
Bulgaria479491499442
Ireland6877356707948751,0091,0461,1621,1521,165
Czechia7111,3431,5161,6191,7401,7881,8741,8251,8291,9572,186
Latvia266472432391
Hungary505455601657709788697727641770
Lithuania507429541462
Canada1,2411,6421,5211,5551,3701,3781,3531,4561,2481,268
Austria2,1692,3742,5802,648
Croatia395601601621617659677746638714
Cyprus280367257256237237264257271325
Estonia379418681662709802676675710655
Greece753585
Iceland2,2671,8681,6392,1012,371
North Macedonia115828260109536874859291
Netherlands1,5141,4211,3262,038
Poland354233285360421385439444400415
Portugal260278378340338742709753701780
Romania293233153252252248225267275279
Russian Federation570517474491475483497484461451438
Slovak Republic666416386355384329367389412484521
Slovenia1,6161,4141,9222,4592,3132,5232,3922,4002,3741,814
Spain6289071,2931,2441,2331,2111,1631,1901,1891,265
Switzerland2,3212,6832,9352,620
Turkiye3770143172190198208221316354
Bosnia and Herzegovina5340415266646751
Uzbekistan83675861575959624648
Malta549809974913807948766743886
Denmark1,9892,2612,124
France1,7211,8821,8761,8741,8361,8091,7981,8051,806
Luxembourg3,4023,3633,2892,9542,9413,0943,2853,1093,166
Moldova93816666746968747160
United Kingdom6889341,1401,0611,1881,2551,3501,305
Kazakhstan282864177184162149124124
Serbia335300312325351420431411412
Sweden2,028
Ukraine285263238217191187178160150
Montenegro103102203129175156
Georgia137192173191195242
Monaco148