Changes in net reserves is the net change in a country's holdings of international reserves resulting from transactions on the current, capital, and financial accounts. Reserve assets are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, and include holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other reserve assets. Also included are net credit and loans from the IMF (excluding reserve position) and total exceptional financing. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
| 1970 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore | 5,431,209,359 | 6,878,063,978 | 12,286,487,052 | 42,353,145,435 | 17,242,392,460 | 26,222,734,735 | 18,097,184,800 | 6,823,824,595 | 1,052,610,021 | -1,758,543,366 | 27,443,404,087 | 12,556,027,171 | -8,352,055,470 | 74,830,907,977 | 66,255,512,007 | -113,779,846,984 | 61,024,794,601 | 29,682,447,026 | |
| India | -1,941,058,213 | 6,067,105,135 | 14,554,031,146 | 14,126,806,482 | -4,138,567,886 | -4,022,754,845 | 10,928,453,544 | 37,583,731,239 | 44,065,483,120 | 15,739,272,990 | 37,070,503,126 | -3,778,497,771 | 55,767,715,348 | 103,853,279,988 | 67,063,830,653 | -30,610,446,869 | 38,216,555,009 | 16,389,914,107 | |
| New Zealand | 322,872,031 | 2,417,468,782 | 847,357,521 | 413,914,913 | 515,428,947 | -841,723,396 | -138,339,169 | -521,194,809 | 3,102,114,976 | 1,870,124,217 | -2,139,649,712 | -330,334,874 | -4,593,473,933 | 3,119,388,484 | -815,366,855 | 1,142,441,023 | 8,663,628,733 | ||
| Nigeria | 1,041,075,804 | 3,089,271,863 | 11,335,787,996 | -9,692,912,667 | 305,848,565 | 11,097,745,203 | -980,099,587 | -8,452,487,761 | -5,853,533,823 | -980,917,731 | 12,241,890,189 | 3,286,180,061 | -4,490,238,393 | -5,047,487,523 | 3,608,654,133 | -3,381,557,620 | -2,754,917,394 | 8,335,870,672 | |
| Canada | 1,654,456,688 | 1,138,865,729 | 3,719,099,442 | 1,337,816,725 | 3,814,579,540 | 7,916,718,686 | 1,729,255,583 | 4,750,792,694 | 5,274,307,912 | 8,480,409,613 | 5,603,378,005 | 856,690,100 | -1,602,695,367 | 147,896,035 | 1,281,870,376 | 20,508,838,694 | 11,068,932,245 | 7,669,654,548 | 5,498,278,304 |
| Malaysia | 1,951,248,431 | -1,008,791,429 | 3,619,608,537 | -36,914,995 | 31,156,177,598 | 3,846,380,316 | -1,371,611,071 | -13,193,888,119 | -14,518,135,865 | 1,452,012,801 | 3,932,049,990 | -1,770,044,457 | -1,663,456,363 | -4,619,186,697 | 11,133,704,250 | 12,009,464,753 | -4,907,743,751 | 3,846,081,179 | |
| Australia | 1,740,259,727 | -1,364,727,993 | 7,254,250,530 | 429,957,792 | 4,546,171,498 | 2,535,523,860 | 5,507,376,950 | 3,644,006,483 | -2,345,772,740 | 7,854,443,321 | 8,735,418,216 | -11,082,782,427 | 3,025,659,846 | -16,749,745,109 | 17,438,266,388 | 2,703,769,713 | 1,276,519,282 | 3,399,165,117 | |
| Pakistan | -314,305,428 | -2,627,141,283 | 259,563,469 | 693,787,298 | -275,838,926 | -2,017,052,006 | -2,555,942,682 | 7,099,192,891 | 3,851,870,782 | 1,415,880,322 | -4,032,857,648 | -6,303,251,640 | 3,432,637,063 | 839,413,129 | 4,555,689,061 | -13,210,093,253 | 3,413,507,129 | 2,470,076,338 | |
| South Africa | -464,029,840 | 10,669,320 | 479,564,168 | 5,765,837,011 | 3,795,989,103 | 4,708,764,729 | 1,197,810,183 | 499,083,154 | 1,359,887,142 | -1,139,187,034 | 2,900,277,509 | 1,905,127,151 | 801,436,808 | 1,612,606,179 | -7,653,191,594 | 4,614,378,026 | 4,251,007,320 | -213,704,732 | 2,125,231,291 |
| Namibia | 36,794,818 | -211,825,769 | -401,191,954 | -522,131,526 | 324,983,600 | 2,506,034 | 63,020,746 | -152,815,317 | 699,058,103 | 142,360,011 | 375,365,161 | 58,602,053 | -215,860,529 | 29,667,182 | 428,790,175 | 24,390,364 | 235,595,386 | 628,816,930 | |
| Jamaica | 129,514,452 | 518,378,664 | 229,927,903 | -348,094,801 | -267,782,752 | -823,583,051 | -93,530,607 | 1,097,125,745 | 423,969,337 | 177,016,995 | 498,425,040 | -190,916,478 | 189,880,588 | 35,982,694 | 904,039,070 | -185,690,368 | 332,356,761 | 583,074,341 | |
| Lesotho | 12,965,834 | 17,792,891 | 43,654,432 | -209,371,431 | 65,708,621 | 109,281,442 | 211,574,192 | 124,501,923 | 113,321,103 | -160,285,461 | -195,648,660 | 78,733,256 | 71,622,435 | 77,959,704 | 82,492,767 | -96,798,723 | 16,688,946 | 258,577,560 | |
| Bahamas, The | 11,734,493 | -61,000,084 | -88,145,444 | 47,751,373 | 25,070,816 | -75,049,830 | -68,626,716 | 51,577,429 | 28,075,590 | 95,123,743 | 507,562,243 | -217,712,911 | 562,595,772 | 364,257,596 | 60,310,704 | 198,961,855 | -34,299,982 | 242,142,468 | |
| Malta | -96,326,320 | -221,860,959 | 219,211,012 | 26,826,672 | -60,991,823 | 163,768,692 | -46,838,914 | 29,984,927 | -98,175,196 | 101,888,337 | 118,136,454 | 252,927,577 | -122,821,794 | -71,742,950 | -36,650,478 | 136,075,952 | -18,036,684 | 211,270,481 | |
| Mozambique | -121,082,564 | 201,062,153 | 243,690,818 | 377,426,571 | 396,067,232 | -107,340,768 | -749,153,717 | -503,325,234 | 1,092,603,524 | -531,460,229 | 395,820,693 | -358,240,007 | -786,253,777 | -715,919,188 | 675,135,662 | 101,694,307 | |||
| Samoa | 11,020,281 | -961,807 | 24,328,651 | -41,766,124 | -35,304 | -19,111,687 | -25,120,050 | 47,953,887 | -17,665,193 | 28,048,826 | 42,237,274 | -15,786,308 | 48,539,380 | 567,350 | 24,134,935 | 87,288,240 | 75,018,846 | ||
| Cyprus | 293,783,344 | -8,168,543 | 702,724,451 | -296,372,232 | -10,438,614 | -60,434,890 | -385,971,358 | -224,943,825 | -457,895,512 | -162,897,670 | 303,841,443 | 59,985,561 | -1,618,582 | 817,760,834 | 420,622,426 | 98,626,452 | -4,382,407 | 73,960,732 | |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 5,436,401 | 12,635,571 | -5,594,210 | 31,228,457 | -28,238,212 | 20,968,671 | 24,071,077 | 16,597,644 | 16,476,026 | 27,563,663 | -14,621,821 | -8,945,778 | 26,231,234 | -2,666,961 | 73,345,971 | 987,495 | -37,987,043 | 33,417,867 | |
| Grenada | 2,530,111 | 6,820,241 | -27,481,179 | -15,993,241 | 1,882,141 | -1,898,111 | 31,535,435 | 16,793,466 | 27,525,390 | 9,422,129 | -6,767,518 | 39,666,041 | 5,232,886 | 36,393,094 | 57,901,703 | 28,159,474 | 35,963,428 | 23,179,230 | |
| Solomon Islands | -13,666,065 | 12,156,338 | -18,433,880 | 93,508,053 | 129,897,855 | 78,980,895 | 58,723,573 | 700,672 | 53,391,071 | 5,811,837 | 27,512,968 | 71,651,772 | -33,236,391 | 23,537,837 | 79,207,028 | -23,817,469 | 24,633,197 | 16,212,502 | |
| Belize | 15,449,382 | 51,616,689 | -11,474,083 | 4,992,113 | 18,212,033 | 55,457,325 | 117,322,372 | 84,873,141 | -103,672,093 | -59,240,684 | -66,700,187 | -16,921,256 | -17,526,963 | 68,724,696 | 76,755,865 | 61,662,977 | -9,803,499 | 10,559,177 | |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | 88,889 | -4,409,899 | -6,806,833 | 33,219,147 | 40,253,361 | -13,660,587 | 33,761,762 | 47,887,587 | -580,482 | 41,287,346 | 44,100,133 | -3,841,350 | -373,566 | 10,381,188 | -35,525,992 | -42,530,299 | -8,082,844 | 8,147,642 | |
| Tonga | 881,839 | -17,256,056 | 161,230,904 | 21,765,133 | 24,659,771 | 8,859,329 | 3,201,159 | -16,996,574 | 21,530,561 | 28,719,746 | 10,502,457 | 8,220,503 | 24,293,867 | 57,788,902 | 71,847,517 | 22,095,602 | 5,348,749 | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | -592,593 | -6,174,209 | 7,315,986 | -23,069,045 | -172,929 | -11,107,456 | 11,272,192 | 112,539,145 | 77,522,821 | -4,585,535 | 6,918,546 | 23,592,888 | -49,611,458 | -57,328,231 | 102,346,634 | 22,175,783 | -26,736,966 | -1,016,450 | |
| St. Lucia | 6,298,543 | 4,073,386 | -15,867,778 | 21,087,969 | -491,881 | 16,492,245 | -39,791,785 | 67,877,830 | 63,834,601 | -8,806,301 | 18,336,495 | -32,640,169 | -22,086,755 | -57,909,734 | 155,538,373 | -40,829,461 | 61,330,780 | -17,374,757 | |
| Dominica | 5,048,203 | -2,197,484 | 3,719,184 | 1,937,391 | 8,011,057 | 13,338,002 | -4,783,369 | 16,130,482 | 18,395,559 | 97,278,474 | -8,492,378 | -19,439,988 | -34,708,718 | -2,806,904 | 17,406,629 | 17,105,380 | -18,579,959 | -24,990,206 | |
| Brunei Darussalam | -63,397,261 | 75,535,076 | 780,753,468 | 702,673,139 | 178,274,164 | 246,122,419 | -33,783,677 | 170,788,952 | -270,115,436 | -10,363,581 | 760,590,595 | -445,856,268 | 1,087,172,566 | 76,645,613 | -707,410,382 | -107,238,494 | |||
| Gambia, The | 3,393,680 | -41,957,165 | -3,408,230 | 41,049,561 | 36,941,357 | 5,760,353 | -24,960,547 | -138,592,301 | -76,852,167 | -113,404,358 | -33,687,046 | 17,071,223 | -7,535,411 | 246,364,210 | -145,335,784 | -136,174,810 | -228,774,147 | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | -178,481,450 | 441,115,091 | 1,387,022,058 | 436,171,498 | 803,961,109 | -612,648,692 | 804,361,197 | 1,352,579,311 | -1,540,076,014 | -447,430,343 | -1,122,120,527 | -784,450,120 | -643,517,485 | 4,276,480 | -47,827,192 | 14,272,437 | -586,598,312 | -620,533,634 | |
| Bangladesh | 224,171,398 | -30,740,500 | -416,086,935 | 1,019,718,688 | -1,813,883,048 | 3,543,374,757 | 5,276,779,004 | 4,571,033,813 | 5,416,753,490 | 5,094,740,777 | 628,278,669 | -1,057,683,832 | 635,226,504 | 9,277,494,453 | 3,564,249,822 | -10,789,409,489 | -4,969,436,290 | -1,131,737,533 | |
| United Kingdom | 802,989,688 | 41,700,195 | 5,298,826,797 | 1,732,045,781 | 10,009,563,296 | 10,871,667,010 | 11,626,836,576 | 6,955,697,855 | 10,140,985,624 | 31,315,856,444 | 8,649,136,748 | 7,527,129,246 | 24,335,190,264 | -1,161,808,516 | -4,223,901,271 | 23,363,556,431 | -1,730,129,125 | -4,943,183,619 | -3,851,737,409 |
| Barbados | -13,354,000 | -44,139,621 | 178,016,297 | 22,185,564 | -47,628,975 | -12,680,897 | 28,020,540 | -156,069,083 | -44,391,584 | -65,488,766 | -106,512,454 | -249,486,516 | |||||||
| Papua New Guinea | 21,721,444 | 104,489,033 | -561,795,319 | -1,198,187,870 | -1,332,451,496 | -345,617,140 | -2,836,376,659 | -1,032,984,023 | -271,220,325 | 13,787,170 | 108,263,483 | 550,552,542 | 120,957,426 | 76,371,184 | 560,359,010 | 816,508,985 | -142,309,815 | ||
| Guyana | 40,201,771 | 14,343,011 | -195,347,323 | -54,726,373 | -110,761,289 | 49,379,813 | 22,341,344 | -109,884,067 | 2,094,152 | -12,832,920 | -56,216,150 | 56,181,487 | 104,707,960 | 40,708,139 | 121,645,948 | -35,958,829 | |||
| Sri Lanka | 115,730,526 | -360,829,667 | -498,426,935 | -2,781,973,571 | -3,071,847,979 | -22,993,960 | 1,566,130,870 | 2,267,824,783 | 860,693,526 | -349,572,932 | 2,600,330,363 | -1,253,193,110 | 10,594,694 | -1,977,143,702 | -2,460,289,883 | -1,094,083,797 | 1,738,223,456 | ||
| Botswana | 307,245,028 | 367,411,844 | 2,021,325,403 | -987,625,916 | 114,494,360 | -878,178,092 | -270,527,133 | 641,226,260 | -419,530,390 | -318,365,065 | -450,794,549 | -410,503,522 | -1,119,341,471 | -1,753,103,647 | -261,275,525 | 364,569,540 | 124,465,721 | ||
| Kenya | -92,537,543 | -7,210,340 | 117,199,418 | 141,599,623 | -1,211,691,650 | 1,215,859,744 | 393,727,147 | 1,377,946,798 | -272,558,579 | 100,119,409 | -116,625,211 | 974,415,554 | 1,091,295,895 | -1,425,418,018 | -192,689,053 | -2,109,912,028 | -955,917,482 | ||
| Malawi | 28,660,992 | 91,385,762 | 41,318,388 | 114,217,780 | -107,976,969 | -10,201,086 | 177,147,215 | 180,730,481 | 101,194,571 | -113,942,695 | 145,749,803 | -1,630,022 | 58,376,346 | -426,361,604 | -129,716,332 | -369,738,874 | 72,353,023 | ||
| Mauritius | 231,945,124 | 230,591,689 | -164,953,501 | 209,045,862 | 195,125,099 | 191,544,199 | 541,006,404 | 755,847,221 | 567,347,570 | 739,570,472 | 832,284,285 | 496,578,681 | 939,353,627 | -536,694,688 | 1,293,562,181 | -316,954,431 | -674,892,699 | ||
| Tanzania | -125,954,193 | -1,330,409 | -594,712,519 | 348,918,996 | -160,093,770 | 295,125,200 | 522,946,607 | -243,787,723 | -231,191,654 | 338,768,029 | 1,647,183,576 | -772,739,354 | 587,400,879 | -781,248,653 | 1,316,838,877 | -1,137,444,530 | -293,219,502 | ||
| Cameroon | -870,558,826 | -265,736,574 | -396,859,294 | 7,049,321 | -326,152,369 | 118,703,003 | -70,693,306 | 130,472,734 | 738,006,926 | -1,224,950,809 | 407,624,203 | 287,137,473 | 245,211,196 | -544,865,251 | 486,610,331 | 855,198,265 | -594,807,754 | ||
| Ghana | 27,605,237 | -144,760,532 | 124,628,046 | 560,644,447 | 450,747,124 | -478,410,869 | -723,282,852 | -114,431,768 | -82,424,063 | 261,111,804 | 996,018,787 | -815,190,671 | 1,251,102,772 | -540,075,190 | 1,466,889,095 | -3,346,337,542 | 1,784,881,013 | ||
| Seychelles | 4,255,151 | 26,219,496 | -29,373,307 | 302,312,103 | 22,419,508 | 21,672,724 | 94,694,213 | 41,191,565 | 70,554,256 | 7,506,145 | 16,064,204 | 9,461,127 | 30,329,245 | -51,517,949 | 81,642,936 | -66,461,001 | 13,177,534 | ||
| Sierra Leone | -20,908,146 | 9,755,229 | -129,538,686 | -319,231,370 | -141,868,057 | -134,282,181 | -69,041,777 | -963,439,861 | -637,325,254 | -73,679,085 | -46,772,544 | -14,188,407 | 27,867,466 | 28,403,198 | 161,579,495 | -195,818,598 | -250,068,495 | ||
| Eswatini | 11,059,863 | 46,254,883 | 1,103,001 | -230,861,246 | -220,134,374 | 151,799,506 | 195,387,652 | -23,710,633 | -23,723,324 | -25,300,713 | -55,094,475 | -59,924,580 | -13,316,860 | -18,051,492 | 14,566,536 | -54,246,751 | 44,677,171 | ||
| Kiribati | -6,746,886 | 9,504,284 | 1,971,296 | -16,860,173 | 12,564,347 | 9,399,546 | 107,897,488 | 47,059,508 | 48,174,068 | 25,149,927 | 26,920,120 | 65,581,218 | 47,093,488 | 27,717,172 | 41,431,963 | ||||
| Vanuatu | 4,687,593 | -18,766,508 | -11,332,100 | 6,045,554 | 12,634,535 | 5,412,328 | 10,043,031 | 12,282,488 | 75,458,611 | 33,418,271 | 81,591,962 | 48,577,377 | 102,730,344 | 73,469,801 | 86,537,086 | 11,714,869 | |||
| Uganda | -41,918,557 | -464,318,171 | 160,864,146 | -42,009,359 | -81,567,584 | 534,065,973 | 229,683,562 | 80,894,662 | -387,142,140 | 318,503,019 | 484,706,330 | -288,564,040 | -18,070,135 | 226,645,365 | 476,748,442 | -817,070,932 | -293,830,114 | ||
| Zambia | 221,811,827 | -19,328,428 | -2,086,155,653 | -66,407,163 | 106,201,359 | 165,783,528 | -262,591,248 | 300,965,773 | -446,191,473 | -249,818,523 | 10,546,900 | -388,854,808 | -99,322,846 | -442,335,846 | 1,484,742,262 | -1,412,492,727 | -2,047,823,005 | ||
| Tuvalu | -1,269,642 | -3,824,024 | -1,716,667 | 1,950,347 | 12,637,821 | 10,225,007 | 7,480,965 | 10,463,404 | 2,363,185 | 5,915,562 | 1,210,970 | 6,817,945 | 21,104,652 | -8,391,494 | |||||
| Rwanda | 72,094,715 | 234,581,693 | -212,430,889 | 228,498,773 | -90,424,191 | -28,534,864 | -22,265,249 | 85,057,901 | 70,740,163 | 112,259,762 | 136,118,769 | 197,232,375 | -97,003,258 | -87,653,392 | |||||
| Nauru | 1,306,748 | -1,336,679 | 4,860,273 | -882,753 | 8,993,933 | 1,460,482 | 2,176,942 | -7,399,541 | 14,540,364 | 11,456,548 | 16,310,701 | -16,247,911 | 42,416,140 | -6,197,817 |