R&D Expenditure - Scientific and technical journal articles

The Commonwealth Topics Research and Development R&D Expenditure

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Australia	23,496	31,995	42,097	45,374	46,728	50,921	52,855	54,235	55,174	55,220	56,691	58,770	58,871	61,976	62,305
Brunei Darussalam	38	35	58	80	116	123	186	174	220	201	294	230	293	335	414
Cyprus	158	318	712	759	799	965	915	938	1,071	1,224	1,296	1,351	1,467	1,734	1,867
Antigua and Barbuda	0	2	2	1	2	3	2	3	4	5	5	6	7	7	7
Barbados	28	37	30	36	48	42	45	55	54	50	48	54	62	56	72
Belize	1	6	11	2	8	8	5	8	6	12	10	10	18	13	18
Dominica	0	5	9	7	12	12	9	10	11	12	12	5	5	7	5
Bahamas, The	2	7	9	11	8	19	16	13	14	21	21	19	21	22	18
Canada	34,253	47,845	56,793	57,716	59,762	60,075	60,859	61,392	61,324	61,602	63,648	64,547	65,332	69,684	69,052
Bangladesh	444	593	1,427	1,391	1,921	1,787	2,408	2,183	2,591	3,127	3,182	5,205	5,121	7,552	7,056
Botswana	112	124	164	168	160	167	205	164	236	240	285	309	324	386	393
Cameroon	118	284	355	402	408	469	565	597	673	796	873	933	1,108	1,338	1,506
Eswatini	8	13	21	21	16	17	11	15	19	29	29	34	37	40	43
Gambia, The	28	37	45	34	37	46	46	42	52	47	36	51	61	81	78
Kiribati	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	1	2	3	1	4	4	2	2
Malaysia	1,327	2,509	10,938	13,550	14,204	15,009	16,608	18,100	18,747	19,901	19,992	21,652	21,993	26,303	26,506
Nauru	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
New Zealand	4,325	5,448	6,962	7,675	7,759	7,808	7,997	7,892	8,204	8,178	8,396	8,891	8,813	9,152	9,214
Papua New Guinea	64	37	50	42	61	53	63	59	60	62	61	71	60	84	83
Samoa	7	5	6	6	3	4	10	10	7	9	12	9	21	24	16
Singapore	4,813	8,104	9,958	10,208	10,823	11,086	11,333	11,537	12,075	12,190	12,072	12,086	12,347	12,611	12,700
Solomon Islands	5	3	9	7	4	4	8	14	15	11	15	13	16	14	11
Tonga	2	1	1	2	2	2	1	3	3	8	6	5	9	4	5
Tuvalu	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
Vanuatu	4	13	7	8	7	8	8	11	13	10	8	10	12	18	15
United Kingdom	77,969	86,341	95,150	96,414	98,685	99,859	99,811	101,175	101,572	102,027	102,782	103,938	104,648	109,939	105,584
Grenada	1	5	17	23	30	35	55	34	37	56	47	58	58	62	53
Guyana	10	20	20	11	13	14	12	10	14	17	15	17	25	30	29
Jamaica	107	145	174	200	207	201	209	155	162	169	198	153	172	212	168
St. Kitts and Nevis	2	2	4	5	9	13	15	19	22	29	27	33	36	34	39
St. Lucia	2	2	3	5	1	4	0	3	5	2	4	4	3	5	5
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	0	1	1	0	1	2	2	1	2	4	1	5	5	10	8
Trinidad and Tobago	89	175	212	221	206	159	242	152	207	221	233	241	247	264	262
Malta	45	81	194	197	249	293	290	331	360	422	446	426	507	528	594
India	21,409	32,734	60,266	71,375	78,135	82,849	91,832	98,301	107,484	113,509	130,235	132,820	148,410	179,806	207,390
Pakistan	1,037	2,356	5,470	6,070	6,483	7,175	7,323	8,117	9,295	11,152	12,370	15,378	16,978	20,754	22,643
Sri Lanka	209	336	504	571	608	733	706	754	1,124	1,189	1,459	1,707	1,796	2,393	2,483
Ghana	139	189	355	410	514	580	623	786	1,008	1,117	1,364	1,656	2,077	2,560	3,075
Kenya	360	461	751	831	792	854	936	1,002	1,100	1,191	1,335	1,463	1,786	1,977	2,007
Lesotho	8	7	12	15	21	15	12	17	22	25	21	38	34	44	48
Malawi	65	86	127	141	158	136	172	179	195	235	246	252	291	372	362
Mauritius	54	75	85	64	116	121	122	121	155	167	134	237	193	194	239
Mozambique	23	39	47	74	63	70	87	105	110	133	151	155	176	220	194
Namibia	21	53	38	49	64	85	92	100	101	114	161	158	204	231	220
Nigeria	1,036	1,785	3,173	3,410	3,114	3,138	3,554	3,562	3,959	4,503	5,529	6,894	8,170	9,423	9,408
Rwanda	3	7	45	47	54	88	97	103	130	128	173	198	265	329	353
Seychelles	4	5	13	10	10	17	10	19	12	12	11	11	30	22	20
Sierra Leone	5	4	12	11	15	15	20	33	47	42	41	52	64	79	87
South Africa	3,965	5,277	7,697	8,324	9,105	9,656	10,324	11,148	12,185	13,020	13,477	15,148	15,745	16,093	16,651
Tanzania	151	219	363	401	393	401	530	538	563	616	627	791	889	997	1,171
Uganda	131	220	407	416	451	472	510	609	605	653	686	802	921	1,208	1,244
Zambia	34	61	88	101	107	121	130	162	180	208	218	210	267	313	344

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

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