Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.

Number of technicians in R&D (per million people)

20002005201020112012201320142015201620172018
Australia819.5
Cambodia60.9
Indonesia16.317.534.7
Japan619.1558.9582.4559.1512.6513.8537.0522.0502.6520.7524.3
Korea, Rep.447.5539.4959.91,042.41,152.91,156.11,228.21,212.11,227.81,251.11,311.4
Malaysia39.7130.3158.8162.8212.2132.4263.3233.4
Myanmar18.7
New Zealand773.81,018.4995.91,040.21,276.0
Papua New Guinea10.8
Philippines10.412.528.017.5
Singapore337.6556.7456.3458.4456.3454.3450.7450.0422.3377.4
Thailand160.8167.6191.3240.7319.8296.9
Vietnam71.065.671.5
Austria2,169.02,373.72,579.52,648.1
Belgium1,403.21,426.61,316.51,377.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina52.639.740.852.166.163.767.050.9
Bulgaria479.2491.5498.9442.2
Croatia395.2601.4600.9621.4617.1659.4676.5745.8638.2714.1
Cyprus279.6366.9257.2256.4236.8236.6264.5257.0271.4325.1
Czechia711.31,342.61,515.71,619.11,739.61,788.41,873.81,825.21,828.91,957.22,186.4
Denmark1,988.62,260.52,123.6
Estonia378.8418.3680.9662.0708.9802.1676.1675.1710.2654.8
France1,720.71,882.41,876.41,874.21,836.11,809.31,798.41,804.91,805.5
Georgia136.6191.6173.3190.9195.4241.6
Germany1,159.01,400.71,725.51,733.31,709.51,883.21,909.91,945.72,006.7
Greece752.8585.1
Hungary505.5455.2601.1657.5708.9787.9696.9727.4641.0770.3
Iceland2,266.91,868.21,639.52,100.92,371.5
Ireland686.7734.8670.1794.0874.51,009.21,045.91,161.91,152.01,164.6
Kazakhstan27.928.164.1176.9184.0161.8149.2123.8123.9
Latvia266.3471.6431.8391.2
Lithuania506.6429.4541.3462.5
Luxembourg3,402.53,362.83,289.32,954.32,941.33,094.03,285.53,109.13,166.0
North Macedonia114.581.582.059.6109.353.367.874.485.091.991.1
Moldova93.080.666.365.773.668.667.573.570.860.4
Monaco147.7
Montenegro103.3102.2202.7129.4175.4156.2
Netherlands1,514.31,421.41,326.42,037.7
Poland354.0233.2285.4359.8420.6384.7438.5443.6399.8415.3
Portugal259.9277.7377.9339.9338.2742.3709.2752.8701.0780.1
Romania292.8233.4153.3252.4251.9248.0225.1267.4275.4278.8
Russian Federation570.3516.8474.2490.5475.2483.3496.6483.6460.9451.2437.8
Serbia334.8300.0312.5324.7350.8420.3430.9410.8412.0
Slovak Republic666.2415.8386.2355.0383.9329.4366.5389.2412.1484.1520.6
Slovenia1,616.41,413.61,922.32,459.42,313.12,522.92,392.32,399.62,373.91,814.2
Spain627.6906.51,293.31,243.61,233.01,210.81,163.11,189.61,189.21,264.9
Sweden2,027.5
Switzerland2,320.92,682.82,935.22,619.7
Turkiye37.370.0143.1172.3190.0198.0208.3220.5316.2353.7
Ukraine285.0262.5238.1216.6190.8186.7178.1159.6150.1
United Kingdom688.3934.31,140.11,061.31,188.21,255.51,350.01,305.4
Uzbekistan83.566.658.561.157.358.559.362.345.748.1
Argentina158.3200.2247.5272.5307.2320.7318.8326.1328.6349.5398.1
Bolivia25.6
Brazil335.9497.1754.6809.7863.9917.3969.9
Chile229.1268.7308.3272.5313.7284.7296.7303.5
Ecuador68.677.283.578.690.0
El Salvador14.012.521.6
Guatemala10.618.714.318.123.126.425.626.720.411.0
Honduras10.0
Mexico95.3243.3182.0184.9142.7137.6115.6120.9140.3
Panama45.692.8155.1
Paraguay12.577.540.246.3
Trinidad and Tobago278.2268.4
Algeria34.241.9
Bahrain17.2
Egypt, Arab Rep.250.8259.8267.2272.8351.6343.9336.6371.2369.6
Iran, Islamic Rep.187.8189.0160.6496.8
Iraq64.863.125.425.026.019.323.0
Jordan108.9
Kuwait39.642.329.130.019.762.054.848.550.945.2
Malta548.6808.7974.4912.7807.2948.4765.8743.0886.0
Morocco52.551.842.541.440.3
Oman117.155.452.642.652.423.042.832.8
Qatar179.6390.5397.1
Syrian Arab Republic68.0
Tunisia46.950.051.061.458.863.563.461.7
United Arab Emirates889.5
Canada1,240.71,642.31,520.81,555.01,369.91,378.31,353.01,455.61,247.81,268.4
India85.292.2100.695.573.1
Pakistan40.456.268.467.431.8
Sri Lanka91.460.982.774.7
Angola35.45.2
Botswana72.6125.1
Burkina Faso37.1
Burundi17.66.6
Cabo Verde8.040.5
Chad8.3
Congo, Rep.35.5
Congo, Dem. Rep.6.7
Ethiopia10.216.433.133.3
Ghana29.528.7
Kenya627.7
Lesotho0.96.9
Madagascar46.310.615.416.519.410.812.6
Malawi60.0
Mali22.818.523.8
Mauritius54.4130.3
Mozambique46.426.7
Namibia66.1
Niger10.18.5
Rwanda5.35.7
Senegal34.836.9
Seychelles597.9
South Africa109.6105.6107.0124.6128.6141.7138.8134.6129.5
Eswatini36.0
Tanzania10.66.2
Gambia, The398.888.8
Togo22.58.58.68.29.010.42.42.43.6
Uganda13.810.8
Zimbabwe10.7