R&D Expenditure - Scientific and technical journal articles

UN Topics Research and Development R&D Expenditure

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Australia	23,496	31,995	42,097	45,374	46,728	50,921	52,855	54,235	55,174	55,220	56,691	58,770	58,871	61,976	62,305
Brunei Darussalam	38	35	58	80	116	123	186	174	220	201	294	230	293	335	414
Cambodia	12	36	56	71	77	85	93	111	125	125	148	146	163	171	203
China	53,285	165,867	309,193	323,332	329,067	355,651	385,101	406,734	436,614	468,713	532,295	617,494	672,735	766,200	898,949
Korea, Dem. People's Rep.	2	4	8	8	18	9	17	39	42	57	90	145	177	245	263
Fiji	27	58	69	66	65	83	118	101	167	140	163	160	183	207	213
Indonesia	398	604	1,446	1,943	2,111	2,815	3,354	4,474	6,754	13,002	21,795	31,005	32,896	39,566	31,947
Japan	96,607	112,257	108,733	110,457	109,040	108,551	105,287	102,019	102,449	102,425	103,957	104,006	102,788	109,075	103,723
Kiribati	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	1	2	3	1	4	4	2	2
Korea, Rep.	15,875	32,098	50,339	53,624	56,101	57,320	60,153	62,723	62,915	64,097	66,893	70,702	73,256	77,566	76,936
Lao PDR	9	24	44	50	63	72	57	71	89	79	90	95	90	87	84
Malaysia	1,327	2,509	10,938	13,550	14,204	15,009	16,608	18,100	18,747	19,901	19,992	21,652	21,993	26,303	26,506
Marshall Islands	2	5	3	1	1	1	1	4	1	1	3	3	2	3	2
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	4	8	14	5	5	5	3	7	4	7	4	2	8	2	3
Mongolia	27	40	90	102	128	163	115	102	117	151	152	194	214	284	262
Myanmar	15	51	51	96	39	34	46	73	86	150	234	289	430	274	163
Nauru	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
New Zealand	4,325	5,448	6,962	7,675	7,759	7,808	7,997	7,892	8,204	8,178	8,396	8,891	8,813	9,152	9,214
Palau	2	10	5	2	2	4	5	6	3	6	7	6	7	6	6
Papua New Guinea	64	37	50	42	61	53	63	59	60	62	61	71	60	84	83
Philippines	346	458	680	879	820	935	1,039	1,365	1,655	1,992	2,121	3,380	3,263	4,053	3,961
Samoa	7	5	6	6	3	4	10	10	7	9	12	9	21	24	16
Singapore	4,813	8,104	9,958	10,208	10,823	11,086	11,333	11,537	12,075	12,190	12,072	12,086	12,347	12,611	12,700
Solomon Islands	5	3	9	7	4	4	8	14	15	11	15	13	16	14	11
Thailand	1,668	3,666	6,802	7,244	7,564	7,581	8,204	8,535	9,585	11,108	12,785	13,620	14,020	16,705	18,491
Timor-Leste	0	2	1	3	6	6	12	9	9	15	16	14	12	17	14
Tonga	2	1	1	2	2	2	1	3	3	8	6	5	9	4	5
Tuvalu	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
Vanuatu	4	13	7	8	7	8	8	11	13	10	8	10	12	18	15
Vietnam	202	404	1,100	1,221	1,560	1,881	1,944	2,223	3,021	3,279	4,302	6,113	8,266	9,651	10,530
Albania	22	26	125	141	151	149	154	159	165	133	171	203	167	241	239
Andorra	0	5	1	1	5	5	4	8	8	2	3	5	8	9	10
Armenia	348	395	494	589	549	532	541	534	537	539	525	627	622	576	655
Austria	6,615	9,013	11,212	11,807	12,182	12,415	12,633	13,137	12,976	13,072	13,121	13,708	14,005	14,970	14,537
Azerbaijan	159	360	604	641	680	476	391	450	593	732	811	924	1,034	1,014	1,175
Belarus	1,203	1,339	1,054	1,115	1,043	1,107	1,060	988	1,008	1,080	1,229	1,502	1,521	1,597	1,519
Belgium	9,593	12,766	15,080	15,583	16,328	16,590	16,888	16,730	16,793	16,306	16,530	16,645	16,947	18,320	17,612
Bosnia and Herzegovina	77	256	492	551	550	490	492	584	585	749	761	829	1,005	1,123	1,039
Bulgaria	1,677	2,033	2,606	2,459	2,649	2,680	2,662	2,555	2,544	2,964	3,375	4,302	4,559	4,859	4,784
Croatia	1,828	3,024	3,971	4,523	4,443	4,242	4,063	4,116	4,068	4,433	4,721	4,751	5,067	5,783	5,711
Cyprus	158	318	712	759	799	965	915	938	1,071	1,224	1,296	1,351	1,467	1,734	1,867
Czechia	5,330	7,858	12,461	13,385	13,618	13,765	15,039	16,488	16,418	16,388	15,900	16,547	15,501	15,883	14,425
Denmark	7,181	8,466	10,314	11,433	12,398	12,912	14,140	14,343	14,396	14,655	14,803	15,073	15,427	16,242	16,126
Estonia	465	720	1,416	1,397	1,497	1,450	1,688	1,545	1,575	1,590	1,504	1,694	1,794	1,878	1,842
Finland	7,505	9,212	10,072	10,344	10,588	10,837	11,283	11,123	11,298	10,980	11,150	11,415	11,315	11,811	12,013
France	50,007	59,948	68,993	70,702	72,431	73,456	73,314	72,733	71,972	70,700	69,234	68,294	67,560	69,471	65,888
Georgia	263	424	345	479	453	470	460	490	592	543	548	621	619	657	599
Germany	69,739	85,128	98,512	101,238	105,639	106,118	108,118	108,479	110,726	111,427	111,308	113,492	112,179	119,604	113,976
Greece	5,286	9,227	11,935	11,932	11,843	11,775	11,537	11,331	11,176	11,147	11,287	11,909	12,756	14,749	15,105
Hungary	4,412	5,599	5,954	6,441	6,507	6,306	6,670	6,586	6,531	6,766	6,876	7,378	7,762	8,387	8,802
Iceland	220	363	569	548	645	589	597	615	674	641	721	680	687	752	766
Ireland	2,608	4,770	6,941	7,200	7,019	7,077	7,187	6,897	7,149	7,289	7,457	7,999	8,514	9,437	9,254
Italy	36,210	48,094	58,777	60,522	64,131	67,380	69,090	70,947	70,794	72,117	73,694	78,132	86,302	92,877	90,586
Kazakhstan	193	251	322	382	448	622	907	1,110	1,471	1,690	1,974	2,413	2,907	3,295	3,551
Kyrgyz Republic	29	45	35	50	52	56	51	48	106	115	135	186	210	252	237
Latvia	293	455	811	1,271	1,147	1,192	1,163	1,399	1,348	1,557	1,449	1,603	1,550	1,904	1,690
Liechtenstein	16	35	38	39	31	31	40	33	45	36	31	32	40	40	41
Lithuania	599	1,524	2,339	2,444	2,247	2,240	2,444	2,474	2,336	2,400	2,354	2,595	2,889	3,103	3,133
Luxembourg	65	165	453	588	594	766	876	816	874	831	912	955	980	1,076	1,171
North Macedonia	125	175	355	463	478	467	493	481	441	467	448	468	444	441	532
Moldova	191	207	174	188	203	213	206	191	292	239	211	274	299	288	284
Monaco	14	38	43	48	30	38	40	43	43	51	47	48	50	57	57
Montenegro	0	0	111	138	159	190	199	224	241	284	256	281	317	314	295
Netherlands	18,865	24,421	29,400	30,229	31,032	31,621	31,940	31,745	31,496	31,643	32,093	32,282	33,061	34,933	34,311
Norway	5,063	6,830	9,078	9,708	10,328	10,372	10,661	10,716	11,388	11,973	12,413	12,827	13,480	14,195	14,069
Poland	12,984	20,405	24,723	25,613	27,711	29,635	31,104	32,724	34,267	33,887	35,457	36,494	38,445	41,281	37,368
Portugal	3,329	5,961	10,632	11,916	13,002	13,889	14,438	14,810	14,399	14,405	14,906	16,535	17,270	19,600	19,623
Romania	2,270	3,323	9,877	9,663	9,844	9,741	9,746	10,358	9,456	9,735	9,296	10,706	10,335	12,022	11,670
Russian Federation	32,707	34,562	34,294	36,397	36,532	38,953	44,779	51,957	61,137	68,641	77,630	90,820	94,910	100,842	84,252
San Marino	2	1	1	2	4	7	5	7	9	14	12	12	10	16	19
Serbia	0	0	4,072	4,820	5,912	5,275	5,069	4,895	5,031	4,918	4,837	5,062	4,737	5,275	5,379
Slovak Republic	2,108	2,503	3,567	3,825	4,189	4,390	4,941	5,066	5,485	5,692	5,238	5,846	5,672	5,844	5,390
Slovenia	1,717	2,363	3,230	3,662	3,562	3,574	3,516	3,603	3,441	3,503	3,390	3,766	3,965	4,471	4,074
Spain	25,001	36,149	49,345	52,409	54,680	54,728	56,178	55,306	55,591	55,884	57,270	60,308	65,542	70,282	67,100
Sweden	14,570	16,627	17,935	18,467	19,422	20,024	21,042	21,198	21,162	21,175	21,255	21,467	21,767	22,724	22,354
Switzerland	12,621	15,615	18,895	19,935	20,963	21,600	22,167	22,207	22,401	23,045	22,750	23,076	23,657	25,078	24,248
Tajikistan	34	33	41	41	48	57	39	56	51	58	60	86	117	129	110
Turkiye	6,815	17,647	26,145	26,839	27,962	30,007	30,611	32,540	34,932	33,087	33,902	37,977	40,923	47,600	52,658
Turkmenistan	6	3	7	12	13	6	19	6	3	8	5	3	6	12	22
Ukraine	5,527	6,117	6,069	6,320	6,659	7,356	7,283	7,534	7,962	9,162	10,355	13,300	14,059	15,134	13,206
United Kingdom	77,969	86,341	95,150	96,414	98,685	99,859	99,811	101,175	101,572	102,027	102,782	103,938	104,648	109,939	105,584
Uzbekistan	363	350	395	381	332	353	334	294	378	340	351	773	1,259	2,408	2,187
Antigua and Barbuda	0	2	2	1	2	3	2	3	4	5	5	6	7	7	7
Argentina	4,232	4,883	7,154	7,625	7,804	7,945	8,330	8,394	8,602	8,794	9,234	9,224	10,000	9,981	9,122
Barbados	28	37	30	36	48	42	45	55	54	50	48	54	62	56	72
Belize	1	6	11	2	8	8	5	8	6	12	10	10	18	13	18
Bolivia	38	64	79	82	86	91	89	89	93	93	111	134	178	176	188
Brazil	12,800	22,460	41,760	44,156	48,166	50,197	52,367	53,504	55,719	59,143	63,130	66,506	70,490	73,727	67,031
Chile	1,552	2,534	4,236	4,535	5,059	5,099	5,871	6,161	6,775	6,922	7,572	8,012	9,032	9,991	9,058
Colombia	535	988	3,170	3,542	4,077	4,525	4,993	5,384	6,417	6,701	7,532	8,753	9,600	10,300	9,683
Costa Rica	122	219	272	266	312	275	365	363	426	484	542	632	702	753	711
Cuba	957	967	1,294	1,521	1,527	1,570	1,472	1,342	1,158	1,135	1,168	1,116	1,366	1,532	1,238
Dominica	0	5	9	7	12	12	9	10	11	12	12	5	5	7	5
Dominican Republic	13	14	17	19	26	41	42	35	36	49	55	71	91	112	110
Ecuador	74	133	192	171	245	262	407	657	1,153	1,600	2,167	2,458	2,931	3,095	3,574
El Salvador	3	15	20	18	20	15	19	25	29	30	47	26	19	33	55
Grenada	1	5	17	23	30	35	55	34	37	56	47	58	58	62	53
Guatemala	24	47	52	44	68	73	63	86	92	106	107	95	124	124	121
Guyana	10	20	20	11	13	14	12	10	14	17	15	17	25	30	29
Haiti	5	8	15	18	17	29	37	34	33	42	32	35	42	40	38
Honduras	13	14	22	19	26	20	25	31	33	46	47	78	115	113	159
Jamaica	107	145	174	200	207	201	209	155	162	169	198	153	172	212	168
Mexico	5,027	8,304	11,244	11,752	12,603	13,187	14,168	14,570	15,195	16,178	17,182	18,992	20,363	21,754	21,027
Nicaragua	14	22	30	30	32	29	34	27	38	42	43	36	39	46	41
Panama	43	80	119	130	156	155	167	164	155	176	176	262	265	290	376
Paraguay	13	26	34	49	56	60	63	95	102	141	105	168	173	190	209
Peru	172	302	554	597	641	667	746	899	1,071	1,390	1,701	2,332	2,893	4,065	4,585
St. Kitts and Nevis	2	2	4	5	9	13	15	19	22	29	27	33	36	34	39
St. Lucia	2	2	3	5	1	4	0	3	5	2	4	4	3	5	5
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	0	1	1	0	1	2	2	1	2	4	1	5	5	10	8
Suriname	3	5	5	4	10	16	8	13	22	15	17	20	20	25	13
Bahamas, The	2	7	9	11	8	19	16	13	14	21	21	19	21	22	18
Trinidad and Tobago	89	175	212	221	206	159	242	152	207	221	233	241	247	264	262
Uruguay	225	353	501	577	585	597	740	697	857	802	926	995	980	1,189	1,058
Venezuela, RB	1,039	1,294	1,478	1,257	1,323	1,202	1,240	978	868	882	707	755	717	673	512
Algeria	382	897	2,093	2,405	2,999	3,397	3,619	4,071	4,448	5,142	5,291	6,231	5,710	6,839	7,607
Bahrain	86	162	213	181	160	242	215	181	235	256	338	466	509	650	672
Djibouti	2	4	7	4	7	6	8	6	4	5	7	5	10	8	13
Egypt, Arab Rep.	2,683	3,618	6,574	7,169	8,281	8,510	9,015	9,710	11,127	11,188	13,197	15,448	18,009	21,379	24,025
Iran, Islamic Rep.	1,559	7,142	24,792	31,161	31,462	32,381	35,448	36,885	41,933	45,827	48,707	54,506	56,966	59,374	60,940
Iraq	92	142	536	597	842	805	806	840	1,194	1,971	3,476	6,386	7,521	11,402	13,408
Israel	9,346	10,574	10,960	11,268	11,615	11,391	12,087	12,250	12,480	12,507	12,752	13,268	13,675	15,133	15,417
Jordan	537	789	1,435	1,416	1,380	1,404	1,369	1,422	1,672	1,995	2,472	3,010	3,373	4,069	5,249
Kuwait	506	627	745	795	823	871	784	864	816	851	1,001	1,162	1,134	1,255	1,335
Lebanon	415	577	799	882	1,024	1,100	1,219	1,301	1,472	1,561	1,907	2,096	2,237	2,207	2,091
Libya	61	77	297	126	152	204	194	176	140	163	168	186	246	456	408
Malta	45	81	194	197	249	293	290	331	360	422	446	426	507	528	594
Morocco	870	923	1,595	1,887	2,119	2,161	2,485	2,486	3,653	4,017	4,792	5,512	6,360	7,389	8,445
Oman	209	327	538	601	603	671	691	762	772	788	846	982	1,075	1,399	1,588
Qatar	44	165	400	460	611	799	1,121	1,192	1,438	1,424	1,556	1,838	2,333	2,655	2,650
Saudi Arabia	1,596	1,799	3,627	4,831	5,832	7,118	8,120	8,839	9,341	9,944	10,745	13,008	17,012	21,610	25,825
Syrian Arab Republic	100	146	232	267	301	247	236	269	278	258	309	346	476	543	584
Tunisia	657	1,721	3,460	3,699	3,801	4,231	4,529	4,873	5,415	5,614	5,558	5,205	4,956	5,122	5,730
United Arab Emirates	325	719	1,265	1,423	1,607	1,763	1,815	2,314	2,563	2,866	3,081	4,138	4,468	5,267	6,402
Yemen, Rep.	23	49	104	102	105	117	138	106	115	124	141	210	273	433	415
Canada	34,253	47,845	56,793	57,716	59,762	60,075	60,859	61,392	61,324	61,602	63,648	64,547	65,332	69,684	69,052
United States	306,473	390,403	413,705	426,832	430,164	432,033	434,412	436,908	437,546	440,418	447,164	451,480	457,587	472,448	457,335
Afghanistan	4	9	28	42	35	27	35	21	60	72	90	139	146	177	169
Bangladesh	444	593	1,427	1,391	1,921	1,787	2,408	2,183	2,591	3,127	3,182	5,205	5,121	7,552	7,056
Bhutan	1	6	18	16	16	28	28	26	44	48	53	56	82	105	115
India	21,409	32,734	60,266	71,375	78,135	82,849	91,832	98,301	107,484	113,509	130,235	132,820	148,410	179,806	207,390
Maldives	1	4	3	7	8	7	6	7	7	7	7	11	25	25	36
Nepal	100	295	382	391	396	458	507	539	627	693	841	1,054	1,513	1,797	1,699
Pakistan	1,037	2,356	5,470	6,070	6,483	7,175	7,323	8,117	9,295	11,152	12,370	15,378	16,978	20,754	22,643
Sri Lanka	209	336	504	571	608	733	706	754	1,124	1,189	1,459	1,707	1,796	2,393	2,483
Angola	6	10	15	18	21	24	35	32	38	55	30	36	49	42	45
Benin	45	61	106	129	143	179	180	180	173	208	233	277	317	382	414
Botswana	112	124	164	168	160	167	205	164	236	240	285	309	324	386	393
Burkina Faso	49	73	125	150	189	164	169	193	206	209	255	262	262	332	411
Burundi	2	4	12	10	11	14	13	13	12	13	20	30	35	27	28
Cabo Verde	0	0	3	3	4	8	9	12	9	14	9	14	21	24	22
Cameroon	118	284	355	402	408	469	565	597	673	796	873	933	1,108	1,338	1,506
Central African Republic	6	8	14	15	11	13	17	13	27	18	22	17	20	15	20
Chad	3	9	4	7	5	5	9	9	11	15	17	14	14	25	29
Comoros	1	2	2	4	1	9	2	2	5	4	3	4	4	5	4
Congo, Rep.	17	46	41	46	54	51	71	78	77	67	62	77	76	89	90
Cote d'Ivoire	76	102	155	180	186	158	181	177	174	206	248	241	249	334	298
Congo, Dem. Rep.	15	23	53	46	70	68	86	99	97	123	142	139	176	213	238
Equatorial Guinea	0	1	3	2	2	2	2	4	5	3	3	4	2	4	3
Eritrea	5	12	10	12	4	11	8	10	9	14	21	27	38	33	34
Ethiopia	166	223	446	492	650	771	985	1,015	1,168	1,631	2,100	2,735	4,142	5,716	7,156
Gabon	24	49	43	57	51	54	60	61	59	61	61	76	62	93	95
Ghana	139	189	355	410	514	580	623	786	1,008	1,117	1,364	1,656	2,077	2,560	3,075
Guinea	3	7	12	11	12	11	20	28	39	37	28	34	41	48	47
Guinea-Bissau	1	9	6	10	13	12	18	10	11	17	16	14	17	14	15
Kenya	360	461	751	831	792	854	936	1,002	1,100	1,191	1,335	1,463	1,786	1,977	2,007
Lesotho	8	7	12	15	21	15	12	17	22	25	21	38	34	44	48
Liberia	1	1	4	9	7	3	9	11	17	21	25	22	11	26	26
Madagascar	61	57	80	96	94	113	114	106	101	133	125	122	176	174	157
Malawi	65	86	127	141	158	136	172	179	195	235	246	252	291	372	362
Mali	16	41	74	86	85	62	70	66	77	99	87	92	99	113	118
Mauritania	6	11	5	13	13	15	12	14	15	11	17	21	22	37	26
Mauritius	54	75	85	64	116	121	122	121	155	167	134	237	193	194	239
Mozambique	23	39	47	74	63	70	87	105	110	133	151	155	176	220	194
Namibia	21	53	38	49	64	85	92	100	101	114	161	158	204	231	220
Niger	25	22	68	31	31	31	48	53	51	57	66	64	68	57	74
Nigeria	1,036	1,785	3,173	3,410	3,114	3,138	3,554	3,562	3,959	4,503	5,529	6,894	8,170	9,423	9,408
Rwanda	3	7	45	47	54	88	97	103	130	128	173	198	265	329	353
Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	2	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	3	4
Senegal	146	203	189	261	261	276	296	328	333	339	385	377	413	421	451
Seychelles	4	5	13	10	10	17	10	19	12	12	11	11	30	22	20
Sierra Leone	5	4	12	11	15	15	20	33	47	42	41	52	64	79	87
Somalia	0	0	3	3	1	6	5	5	4	11	10	19	33	54	106
South Africa	3,965	5,277	7,697	8,324	9,105	9,656	10,324	11,148	12,185	13,020	13,477	15,148	15,745	16,093	16,651
South Sudan	0	0	0	2	2	9	6	6	2	6	10	9	15	13	16
Sudan	69	110	239	273	244	321	222	252	366	322	401	390	386	548	507
Eswatini	8	13	21	21	16	17	11	15	19	29	29	34	37	40	43
Tanzania	151	219	363	401	393	401	530	538	563	616	627	791	889	997	1,171
Gambia, The	28	37	45	34	37	46	46	42	52	47	36	51	61	81	78
Togo	31	25	49	49	44	57	75	70	67	66	85	91	90	107	135
Uganda	131	220	407	416	451	472	510	609	605	653	686	802	921	1,208	1,244
Zambia	34	61	88	101	107	121	130	162	180	208	218	210	267	313	344
Zimbabwe	236	141	147	142	205	221	270	275	323	340	393	426	456	496	563

Scientific and technical journal articles (number)

Knoema

Legal