R&D Expenditure - R&D expenditure as a share of GDP

WTO Topics Research and Development R&D Expenditure

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (%)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Australia	1.6		2.4	2.2		2.2		1.9		1.9		1.8		1.9
Brunei Darussalam											0.3
Cambodia								0.1
China	0.9	1.3	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.6
Hong Kong SAR, China	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1
Indonesia	0.1					0.1			0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Japan	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.4
Korea, Rep.	2.1	2.5	3.3	3.6	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.8	4.9	5.2
Macao SAR, China		0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3
Malaysia	0.5		1.0	1.0	1.1		1.3	1.3	1.4		1.0		1.0
Mongolia	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Myanmar	0.1									0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.0
New Zealand		1.1		1.2		1.2		1.2		1.3		1.4		1.5
Papua New Guinea									0.0
Philippines		0.1		0.1		0.1		0.2			0.3
Singapore	1.8	2.1	1.9	2.1	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	1.9	2.2
Thailand	0.2	0.2		0.4		0.4	0.5	0.6	0.8	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.2
Vietnam				0.1		0.3		0.4		0.4		0.4		0.4
Armenia	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austria	1.9	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.2
Belgium	1.9	1.8	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.9	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.4
Bulgaria	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatia	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.4
Cyprus	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7
Czechia	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.8	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.0
Denmark	2.2	2.4	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.1	3.1	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.0	2.8	2.9
Estonia	0.6	0.9	1.6	2.3	2.1	1.7	1.4	1.5	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.8
Finland	3.2	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.0
France	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.2
Georgia	0.2	0.2				0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	2.4	2.4	2.7	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.1
Greece		0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hungary	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.4
Iceland	2.6	2.7		2.4		1.7	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.3	2.5	2.8	2.6
Ireland	1.1	1.2	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.0
Italy	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4
Kazakhstan	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kyrgyz Republic	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvia	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8
Liechtenstein												5.9
Lithuania	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1
Luxembourg	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.0
North Macedonia	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moldova		0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Montenegro		0.9		0.3		0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.4
Netherlands	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.9	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.3
Norway		1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.0	2.1	2.2	1.9	1.6
Poland	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portugal	0.7	0.8	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.7	1.7
Romania	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.0	0.9
Slovak Republic	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.2	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0
Slovenia	1.4	1.4	2.1	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1
Spain	0.9	1.1	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4
Sweden		3.4	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.4
Switzerland	2.3				2.9			3.1		3.1		3.2		3.3
Tajikistan		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkiye	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.3
Ukraine	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3
United Kingdom	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.9
Argentina	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bolivia	0.3
Brazil	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1
Chile			0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Costa Rica	0.4		0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4		0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.3	0.4
Ecuador			0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4
El Salvador			0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guatemala		0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduras	0.0							0.0		0.0	0.1	0.1
Mexico	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nicaragua				0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Panama	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Paraguay		0.1		0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Peru	0.1			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguay	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6
Venezuela, RB		0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.7
Bahrain							0.1
Egypt, Arab Rep.	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0
Israel	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.3	4.6	4.7	4.9	5.3	5.8	5.8	6.0
Jordan									0.7
Kuwait	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2		0.1	0.1
Malta		0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6
Morocco			0.7
Oman				0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
Qatar					0.5			0.5			0.5			0.7
Saudi Arabia		0.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8							0.5	0.4	0.5	0.6
Tunisia		0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Arab Emirates				0.5			0.7	0.9	0.9		1.3	1.3	1.5	1.5
Canada	1.9	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.7
United States	2.6	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.4	3.5	3.6
India	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nepal			0.3
Pakistan	0.1	0.3		0.3		0.3		0.2		0.2		0.2		0.2		0.2
Sri Lanka	0.1		0.1			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1		0.1		0.1
Angola									0.0
Botswana		0.5			0.3	0.6
Burkina Faso		0.2					0.2			0.6		0.2	0.3	0.3
Burundi			0.1		0.1						0.2
Cabo Verde				0.1
Chad									0.3
Congo, Rep.															0.4
Cote d'Ivoire									0.1
Congo, Dem. Rep.		0.1						0.4
Ghana			0.4
Kenya			0.7												0.4	0.8
Lesotho				0.0				0.1
Madagascar	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1			0.0		0.0	0.0
Mali			0.6					0.3		0.3		0.2		0.2
Mauritania											0.0
Mauritius	0.3	0.4			0.2					0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.2
Mozambique			0.4					0.3
Namibia			0.1				0.3								0.6
Nigeria												0.3
Rwanda									0.6			0.8				0.8
Senegal			0.4					0.6
Seychelles		0.3							0.2
South Africa		0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eswatini								0.3
Tanzania			0.4			0.5
Gambia, The				0.1							0.1
Togo			0.2		0.2		0.2
Uganda		0.2	0.4				0.1									0.3
Zambia		0.0

R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (%)

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