R&D personnel - Researchers in R&D

WTO Topics Research and Development R&D personnel

Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

Researchers in R&D (number per million people)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Australia	3,471		4,569
Brunei Darussalam															506
Cambodia								30
China	550	857	899	972	1,029	1,080	1,102	1,163	1,209	1,236	1,317	1,484	1,600	1,686	1,849
Hong Kong SAR, China	1,160	2,612	3,063	3,037	3,138	3,310	3,513	3,488	3,668	3,720	3,978	4,240	4,356	4,592	4,815	5,274
Indonesia	210								178	214	215	387	395
Japan	5,102	5,322	5,117	5,123	5,049	5,167	5,352	5,198	5,233	5,320	5,340	5,376	5,450	5,590	5,630
Korea, Rep.	2,324	3,763	5,429	5,909	6,393	6,458	6,867	7,020	7,057	7,453	7,918	8,329	8,620	9,071	9,435
Macao SAR, China		609	629	591	714	889	1,007	1,248	2,584	3,137	3,429	3,588	3,826	4,093	3,498	3,827
Malaysia	283		1,453	1,634	1,770		2,016	2,257	2,334		2,110		712
Mongolia													332	681	535
Myanmar										30	34	30	33	19	26	28
New Zealand		3,159		3,731		4,044		5,477		5,036		5,665		5,095
Papua New Guinea									33
Philippines		79		83		183		103			170
Singapore	4,168	5,651	6,368	6,579	6,514	6,735	6,756	7,135	7,053	6,950	7,002	7,510	7,503	7,917
Thailand		312		529		774	942	844	1,179	1,316	1,712	1,744	2,018	1,696	1,863
Vietnam						685		682		708		755		768
Armenia															1,187	1,040
Austria		3,471	4,379	4,431	4,721	4,782	5,009	5,073	5,400	5,416	5,682	5,959	5,829	6,323	6,659
Belgium	2,983	3,173	3,756	3,880	4,117	4,162	4,545	4,732	4,798	4,757	5,040	5,291	5,419	6,597	6,983
Bulgaria	1,180	1,302	1,471	1,606	1,537	1,685	1,822	1,977	2,237	2,125	2,343	2,420	2,401	2,347	2,557
Croatia	1,555	1,328	1,649	1,594	1,567	1,536	1,445	1,514	1,871	1,901	1,973	2,204	2,295	2,414	2,534
Cyprus	439	930	1,105	1,092	1,022	1,027	1,051	1,011	1,059	1,210	1,408	1,658	1,740	1,743	1,728
Czechia	1,352	2,353	2,799	2,926	3,162	3,261	3,428	3,619	3,547	3,718	3,907	4,028	4,187	4,560	4,697
Denmark		5,207	6,764	7,046	7,182	7,115	7,358	7,566	7,852	7,648	7,598	7,694	7,651	7,708	8,736
Estonia	1,903	2,451	3,058	3,393	3,458	3,338	3,286	3,188	3,296	3,552	3,766	3,770	3,836	4,036	4,655
Finland		7,559	7,741	7,442	7,492	7,223	7,022	6,856	6,544	6,731	6,873	7,246	7,548	7,870	8,073
France	2,903	3,298	3,850	3,921	4,052	4,134	4,210	4,311	4,392	4,547	4,671	4,774	4,883	5,058	5,182
Georgia						600	1,127	1,359	1,384	1,382	1,545	1,788	1,799	1,703	1,809	1,768
Germany	3,154	3,316	4,056	4,192	4,356	4,380	4,336	4,755	4,840	5,058	5,209	5,399	5,390	5,521	5,787
Greece		1,787		2,217	2,236	2,655	2,734	3,197	2,727	3,251	3,416	3,645	4,008	4,244	4,927
Hungary	1,412	1,576	2,136	2,310	2,401	2,528	2,655	2,570	2,626	2,902	3,846	4,021	4,310	4,452	4,725
Iceland		7,338		7,089		5,740				5,980	5,646			6,941	6,864
Ireland	2,256	2,821	3,117	3,341	4,874	5,142	5,291	5,242	5,144	5,114	4,657	4,961	5,196	5,213	5,512
Italy	1,155	1,413	1,723	1,761	1,831	1,916	1,947	2,076	2,210	2,322	2,524	2,671	2,615	2,659	2,796
Kazakhstan			360	375	597	720	781	761	679	651	650	620	669	610	662	693
Latvia	1,601	1,458	1,837	1,902	1,909	1,791	1,872	1,819	1,601	1,785	1,786	1,891	2,134	2,395	2,270
Liechtenstein												20,047				18,130
Lithuania	2,215	2,276	2,736	2,748	2,671	2,879	3,082	2,795	2,950	3,068	3,181	3,445	3,643	3,947	4,154
Luxembourg	3,800	4,826	5,200	5,526	4,402	4,662	4,783	4,636	4,802	4,969	4,755	5,091	4,689	4,939	4,879
North Macedonia	645	533	536	451	624	694	868	897	902	778	862	859	869	844	731	922
Moldova		717	760	777	769	737	925	946	912	923	903	824	775	781	768	717
Montenegro				643		638	665	831	717	709	775	764
Netherlands	2,638	2,909	3,210	3,648	4,336	4,887	4,926	4,892	5,109	5,273	5,497	5,592	5,799	6,004	6,319
Norway		4,603	5,445	5,534	5,584	5,605	5,723	5,930	6,121	6,396	6,484	6,738	6,766	7,229	7,395
Poland	1,442	1,630	1,697	1,680	1,752	1,868	2,055	2,158	2,304	2,995	3,079	3,159	3,260	3,558	3,721
Portugal	1,634	2,013	3,924	4,166	4,032	3,606	3,658	3,725	3,992	4,348	4,614	4,859	5,131	5,431	5,687
Romania	926	1,078	965	790	892	924	905	876	910	888	876	887	942	989	999
Russian Federation	3,446	3,206	3,072	3,109	3,075	3,050	3,073	3,096	2,947	2,812	2,773	2,735	2,710	2,662	2,684
Slovak Republic	1,851	2,031	2,817	2,841	2,827	2,723	2,724	2,659	2,609	2,803	3,003	3,117	3,167	3,211	3,387
Slovenia	2,184	2,634	3,770	4,288	4,331	4,237	4,167	3,837	3,940	4,511	4,880	5,061	5,187	5,235	5,370
Spain	1,874	2,516	2,880	2,775	2,693	2,624	2,614	2,623	2,713	2,847	2,984	3,048	3,052	3,230	3,387
Sweden		6,103	5,279	5,172	5,197	6,718	6,909	6,846	7,143	7,317	7,426	7,686	7,755	8,160	8,624
Switzerland	3,644				4,497			5,309		5,257		5,562		6,021
Turkiye	355	568	883	977	1,100	1,176	1,164	1,136	1,264	1,421	1,585	1,738	1,965	2,210	2,479
Ukraine			1,307	1,237	1,210	1,140	1,003	1,006	1,037	994	988	881	846	774	586
United Kingdom	2,893	4,118	4,089	3,973	4,018	4,172	4,281	4,390	4,435	4,473
Argentina	714	817	1,119	1,175	1,198	1,193	1,202	1,226	1,254	1,206	1,221	1,225	1,250	1,288	1,296
Bolivia	70		163							50		59		63
Brazil	299	516	696	749	801	853	903
Chile			318	352	390	335	427	455	495	495	524	507	515	639
Colombia						58	59	71	91	90
Costa Rica		125	386	411	341	359	575	501	531	385	349		372	407	462
Cuba											2,054	2,137	2,122	2,100	2,079	1,968
Dominican Republic													25	23	20
Ecuador			141	180	282	351	400
El Salvador								65	67	66	73	76	60	65	58
Guatemala		30	25	25	28	18	21	23	23	14	13	15	17	15
Honduras								22		34	202	188
Mexico	227	418	341	348	251	254	263	285	320	274	278	282	282	273	274	272
Panama	96	105		120	38	40	93	91	97	106	107	111	168	135	142	253
Paraguay		77		55	185		167	200	132	147	152	169	141	143	133
Trinidad and Tobago										497	544	460	605	539	493
Uruguay	283		638	629	647	651	664	687	739	757	787	803	821	846	880	902
Venezuela, RB	62	122	203	232	296	364	272	246	292			231	290	276	350	180
Bahrain							384
Egypt, Arab Rep.			461	462	485	506	633	631	647	636	645	777	791	808	829	845
Jordan								254	572	576
Kuwait	168	176	142	136	135		638	405	482	498	503	175	166		176	159
Malta		1,162	1,392	1,761	1,969	1,880	1,835	1,865	1,990	2,027	1,905	1,903	1,965	2,158	2,428
Morocco			722	848	853		1,030		1,083
Oman				173	180	133	182	222	250	252	296	383	374	332	383	655
Qatar					647			644			586			948
Saudi Arabia													512	794	958	1,121
Tunisia			1,375	1,420	1,614	1,782	1,795	1,775	1,969	1,919	1,790	1,726	1,645	1,610	1,704
United Arab Emirates								2,168	2,510		2,465	2,477	2,581	2,607
Canada	3,510	4,234	4,664	4,803	4,652	4,648	4,564	4,546	4,400	4,429	4,716	4,851	5,156	5,412
United States	3,488	3,560	3,550	3,659	3,643	3,726	3,824	3,858	3,809	3,932	4,227	4,266	4,464	4,825
India	111	135	156					214			250		259
Pakistan		73		130		144		258		315		362		401		474
Sri Lanka	133		103			107	96	102	103	102	101		101		94
Angola				48					19
Botswana					168	180
Burkina Faso			47
Burundi					20						22
Cabo Verde				49			125
Chad									57
Congo, Rep.	33														127
Cote d'Ivoire		64
Congo, Dem. Rep.								10
Ghana			37					87
Kenya			227												169	201
Lesotho				6				24
Madagascar	15	47	50	49					24	30	33
Malawi			50
Mali			28					29		31		55		29
Mauritius					177						465	544	558	564	579	853
Mozambique			40					44
Namibia							149								225
Niger		7				27
Nigeria												22
Rwanda						15			14			59				133
Senegal			375					572
Seychelles		147
South Africa		351	360	382	401	430	428	467	482	517	501	480	460	455	444
Eswatini								138
Tanzania			36			19
Gambia, The				30							51
Togo		32	33	33	35		37	35	31	37	46	45	44	44	43	41
Uganda			40				29									12
Zimbabwe					95

Researchers in R&D (number per million people)

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