Numbeo

Data cited at NUMBEO Numbeo is the world’s largest database of user-contributed data about cities and countries worldwide. Numbeo provides current and timely information on world living conditions including cost of living, housing indicators, health care, traffic, crime and pollution. For more information please check http://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings_by_country.jsp   About dataset: These indices are relative to New York City (NYC). Which means that for New York City, each index should be 100(%). If another city has, for example, rent index of 120, it means rents in average in that city are 20% more expensive than in New York City. If a city has rent index of 70, that means in the average in that city rents are 30% less expensive than in New York City. Cost of Living Index (Excl. Rent) is a relative indicator of consumer goods price, including groceries, restaurants, transportation and utilities. Cost of Living Index doesn't include accommodation expenses such as rent or mortgage. If a city has a Cost of Living Index of 120, it means Numbeo estimates it is 20% more expensive than New York (excluding rent). Rent Index is estimation of prices of renting apartments in the city compared to New York City. If Rent index is 80, Numbeo estimates that price for renting in that city is 80% of price in New York. Groceries Index is an estimation of grocery prices in the city compared to New York City. To calculate this section, Numbeo uses "Markets"section of each city. Restaurants Index is a comparison of prices of meals and drinks in restaurants and bars compared to NYC. Cost of Living Plus Rent Index is an estimation of consumer goods prices including rent in the city comparing to New York City. Local Purchasing Power shows relative purchasing power in buying goods and services in a given city for the average wage in that city. If domestic purchasing power is 40, this means that the inhabitants of that city with the average salary can afford to buy 60% less typical goods and services than New York City residents with an average salary.

Data cited at: Numbeo Methodology: The Index has been calculated twice per year by considering the latest 36 months. A). Beginning of the Year and B). Mid Year Crime Index is an estimation of the overall level of crime in a given city or a country. We consider crime levels lower than 20 as very low, crime levels between 20 and 40 as being low, crime levels between 40 and 60 as being moderate, crime levels between 60 and 80 as being high and finally crime levels higher than 80 as being very high. Safety index is, on the other way, quite the opposite of crime index. If the city has a high safety index, it is considered very safe.

Data cited at: (https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/historical-prices-by-city?displayCurrency=USD&year=2016&itemId=13)

Data cited at: Numbeo-https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/rankings_by_country.jsp?title=2020 Pollution Index is an estimation of the overall pollution in the city. The biggest weight is given to air pollution, than to water pollution/accessibility, two main pollution factors. Small weight is given to other pollution types. Pollution Exp Scale is using an exponential scale to show very high numbers for very polluted cities, and very low numbers for unpolluted cities. Therefore to calculate formula it uses the exponential function to calculate the index.

Data cited at:Numbeo (https://www.numbeo.com/property-investment/rankings.jsp) Price to Income Ratio is the basic measure for apartment purchase affordability (lower is better). It is the ratio of median apartment prices to median familial disposable income, expressed as years of income. Mortgage as Percentange of Income is a the ratio of the actual monthly cost of the mortgage to take-home family income (lower is better). Average monthly salary is used to estimate family income. It assumes 100% mortgage is taken on 20 years for the house(or apt) of 90 square meters which price per square meter is the average of price in city center and outside of city center.   Loan Affordability Index is an inverse of mortgage as percentage of income. Used formula is : (100 / mortgage as percentage of income) (higher is better). Price to Rent Ratio is the average cost of ownership divided by the received rent income (if buying to let) or the estimated rent that would be paid if renting (if buying to reside). Lower values suggest that it is better to buy rather than rent, and higher values suggest that it is better to rent rather than buy. Our formula to estimate rent per square meter assumes 1 bedroom apt has 50 square meters and 3 bedroom apartment has 110 square meters. It doesn't take into account taxes or maintenance fees.   Gross Rental Yield is the total yearly gross rent divided by the house price (expressed in percentages). Higher is better.

Quality of Life Index is estimation of overall quality of live by using formula  index.main = 65 + purchasingPowerInclRentIndex - (housePriceToIncomeRatio * 2) - cpiIndex / 5 + safetyIndex * 3 / 4 + healthIndex / 2 - trafficTimeIndex / 2 - pollutionIndex;