Australia

The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy™ analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year. Previously produced by bp, the Review has been providing timely, comprehensive and objective data to the energy community since 1952.

The gross nutrient balances (N and P) are calculated as the difference between the total quantity of nutrient inputs entering an agricultural system (mainly fertilizers, livestock manure), and the quantity of nutrient outputs leaving the system (mainly uptake of nutrients by crops and grassland). Gross nutrient balances are expressed in tonnes of nutrient surplus (when positive) or deficit (when negative). This calculation can be used as a proxy to reveal the status of environmental pressures, such as declining soil fertility in the case of a nutrient deficit, or for a nutrient surplus the risk of polluting soil, water and air. The nutrient balance indicator is also expressed in terms of kilogrammes of nutrient surplus per hectare of agricultural land to facilitate the comparison of the relative intensity of nutrients in agricultural systems between countries.

Consumption-based accounting (CBA) of emissions (also known as carbon footprints) accounts for emissions associated with imported and exported goods. CBA reports the total emissions associated with final demand in each country. Production-based accounting (PBA) -accounts for  physically occurring emissions in a country or territorial emissions. 

The dataset presents estimates of air emissions 'embodied' in products (goods and services) for final use - also sometimes referred to as 'footprints'. The estimates are the results of environmental input-output modelling for the aggregated EU-27 economy. The model estimations are based on two main data sets: 1) ESA supply, use and input–output tables (consolidated tables - naio_agg_60) and 2) air emissions accounts (env_ac_ainah_r1). Data is published in two tables as part of the air emissions accounts database: table env_ac_io presents data for years 2000-2007 using CPA 2002 classification; table env_ac_io2 covers years 2008 and 2009 in CPA 2008 breakdown. The underlying modelling assumes that the production technology in the rest of the world economy is the same as in the EU-27. Hence, the estimated 'embodied' emissions in the rest of the world constitute rather emissions avoided in the EU-27 production system. For carbon dioxide the difference between 'avoided in EU-27' and 'actually emitted in rest of the world' is most likely smaller than for other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide for which very efficient 'abatement-technologies' were introduced in the European Union.

The dataset presents estimates of air emissions 'embodied' in products (goods and services) for final use - also sometimes referred to as 'footprints'. The estimates are the results of environmental input-output modelling for the aggregated EU-27 economy. The model estimations are based on two main data sets: 1) ESA supply, use and input–output tables (consolidated tables - naio_agg_60) and 2) air emissions accounts (env_ac_ainah_r1). Data is published in two tables as part of the air emissions accounts database: table env_ac_io presents data for years 2000-2007 using CPA 2002 classification; table env_ac_io2 covers years 2008 and 2009 in CPA 2008 breakdown. The underlying modelling assumes that the production technology in the rest of the world economy is the same as in the EU-27. Hence, the estimated 'embodied' emissions in the rest of the world constitute rather emissions avoided in the EU-27 production system. For carbon dioxide the difference between 'avoided in EU-27' and 'actually emitted in rest of the world' is most likely smaller than for other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide for which very efficient 'abatement-technologies' were introduced in the European Union.

The Global Carbon Project facilitates access to data to encourage its use and promote a good understanding of the carbon cycle. Respecting original data sources is key to help secure the support of data providers to enhance, maintain and update valuable data. 

Direct greenhouse gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC-23, 32, 125, 134a, 143a, 152a, 227ea, 236fa, 245fa, 365mfc, 43-10-mee), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs: CF4, C2F6, C3F8, c-C4F8, C4F10, C5F12, C6F14, C7F16), Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6), Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) and Sulfuryl Fluoride (SO2F2). Emissions are calculated by individual countries using country-specific information. The countries are organized in different world regions for illustration purposes. Emissions of some small countries are presented together with other countries depending on country definition and availability of activity statistics. Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.

FAO - GLEAM Global greenhouse gas emissions from livestock summary data (2017)

In accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Climate Change Convention, and the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, countries that are Parties to the Convention submit national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories to the Climate Change secretariat. These submissions are made in accordance with the reporting requirements adopted under the Convention, such as The UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annex I Inventories (document FCCC/SBSTA/2004/8) for Annex I Parties and Guidelines for the preparation of national communications for non-Annex I Parites (decision 17/CP.8). The inventory data are provided in the annual GHG inventory submissions by Annex I Parties and in the national communications under the Convention by non-Annex I Parties. The GHG data reported by Parties contain estimates for direct greenhouse gases, such as: CO2 - Carbon dioxide CH4 - Methane N2O - Nitrous oxide PFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons SF6 - Sulphur hexafluoride as well as for the indirect greenhouse gases such as SO2, NOx, CO and NMVOC.

18.1. Source data

The indicator shows the greenhouse gas emissions of key source categories. A key source category is defined as an emission source category that has a significant influence on a country´s greenhouse gas inventory in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both. The different greenhouse gases are weighted by their global warming potential, and the results are expressed in CO2 equivalents. The European Union (EU) as a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reports annually its greenhouse gas inventory for the year t-2 and within the area covered by its Member States. The inventory also constitutes the EU-15 submission under the Kyoto Protocol. The EU greenhouse gas inventory is the most relevant and accurate source of information on greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, and serves to monitor all anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The inventory contains data on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The EU inventory is fully consistent with national greenhouse gas inventories compiled by the EU Member States.   The indicator is a Sustainable Development Indicator (SDI). It has been chosen for the assessment of the progress towards the objectives and targets of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy.   tsdcc210´s table: Eurobase > Tables by themes > Environment and energy > Environment > Greenhouse Gases/Air Pollution > Greenhouse gas emissions by sector (tsdcc210) tsdcc210´s table within the SDI set: Eurobase > Tables on EU policy > Sustainable Development indicators > Climate change and energy > Climate change > Greenhouse gas emissions by sector (tsdcc210)

Data cited at: CAIT, retrieved from Climate Watch Climate Watch Historical Emission data contains sector-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data for 194 countries and the European Union (EU) for the period 1990-2019, including emissions of the six major GHGs from most major sources and sinks. Non-CO2 emissions are expressed in CO2 equivalents using 100-year global warming potential values from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.

This indicator shows trends in the emissions from transport (road, rail, inland navigation and domestic aviation) of the greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol. Only three gases are relevant in the context of transport (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) and these have been aggregated according to their relative global warming potentials. The EU greenhouse gas inventory is the most relevant and accurate source of information on greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, and serves to monitor all anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The EU inventory is fully consistent with national greenhouse gas inventories compiled by the EU Member States.   The indicator is published by Eurostat as a part of indicator framework (SDI) and belongs to European Environment Agency (EEA). It has been chosen for the assessment of the EU progress towards the targets of the Sustainable Development Strategy.   tsdtr410´s table within the SDI set: Eurobase > Tables on EU policy > Sustainable Development Indicators > Sustainable transport > Transport impacts > Greenhouse gas emissions from transport (tsdtr410)

The indicator calculation is based on the emissions covered under the Effort Sharing Decision (406/2009/EC). The Effort Sharing Decision sets national annual binding targets for emissions not covered under the EU emission trading scheme (ETS). The ESD emissions are calculated by deducting ETS verified emissions, CO2 emissions from domestic aviation and NF3 emissions from national total emissions. Total emissions are national totals reported under the UNFCCC (excluding LULUCF, international aviation and international maritime transport). For the period 2005-2012, additional emission estimates are deducted in order to reflect the current scope of the EU ETS, following the European Environment Agency methodology for calculating consistent time series.

20.1. Source data

The indicator is calculated as the ratio between energy-related GHG emissions and gross inland consumption of energy. It expresses how many tonnes CO2 equivalents of energy-related GHGs are being emitted in a certain economy per unit of energy that is being consumed. The data on energy emissions are being sourced from the GHG emissions reported to the UNFCCC.

The indicator measures total national emissions of the so called ‘Kyoto basket’ of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and the so-called F-gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, nitrogen triflouride (NF3) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)). Using each gas’ individual global warming potential (GWP), they are being integrated into a single indicator expressed in units of CO2 equivalents. Emissions data are submitted annually by the EU Member States as part of the reporting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The average population of the reference year (calculated as the arithmetic mean of the population on 1st January of two consecutive years) is used as denominator (per capita). The indicator does not include emissions and removals related to land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF); it does not include emissions reported as a memorandum item according to UNFCCC Guidelines but does include emissions from international aviation as well as indirect CO2 emissions.

This indicator shows trends in total man-made emissions (of both the ESD and ETS sectors) of the ‘Kyoto basket’ of greenhouse gases. It presents annual total emissions in relation to 1990 emissions The ‘Kyoto basket’ of greenhouse gases includes: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and the so-called F-gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, nitrogen triflouride (NF3) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)). These gases are aggregated into a single unit using gas-specific global warming potential (GWP) factors. The aggregated greenhouse gas emissions are expressed in units of CO2 equivalents. The indicator does not include emissions and removals related to land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF); nor does it include emissions from international maritime transport. It does however include emissions from international aviation. CO2 emissions from biomass with energy recovery are reported as a Memorandum item according to UNFCCC Guidelines and not included in national greenhouse gas totals. The EU as a whole is committed to achieving at least a 20% reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to 1990. This objective implies: - a 21 % reduction in emissions from sectors covered by the EU ETS (emission trading scheme) compared to 2005 by 2020; - a reduction of 10 % in emissions for sectors outside the EU ETS covered by the ESD (effort sharing decision). To achieve this 10% overall target each Member State has agreed country-specific greenhouse gas emission limits for 2020 compared to 2005 (Council Decision 2009/406/EC). Data Source: European Environment Agency

Data Cited at: Climate Watch. 2020. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which cause climate change have increased 50 fold since the mid-1800s. Energy makes up nearly three-quarters of global emissions, followed by agriculture. Breaking down the energy sector into its sub-sectors, electricity and heat generation make up the largest portion of emissions, followed by transportation and manufacturing. 64% of GHG emissions come from just 10 countries, while the 100 least-emitting contributed less than 3%.

Data cited at: The Global CCS Institute https://www.globalccsinstitute.com Publication URL: http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/large-scale-ccs-projects#map License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/   Globally, there are 15 large-scale CCS projects in operation, with a further seven under construction. The 22 projects in operation or under construction represents a doubling since the start of this decade. The total CO2 capture capacity of these 22 projects is around 40 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa). There are another 10 large-scale CCS projects at the most advanced stage of development planning, the Concept Definition (or Define) stage, with a total CO2 capture capacity of around 14 Mtpa. A further 12 large-scale CCS projects are in earlier stages of development planning (the Evaluate and Identify stages) and have a total CO2 capture capacity of around 25 Mtpa. Two large-scale CCS projects became operational in 2015:The Quest project, located in Alberta, Canada (CO2 capture capacity of approximately 1 Mtpa) was launched in November 2015. The project, involving the manufacture of hydrogen for upgrading bitumen into synthetic crude oil, is North America’s first large-scale CCS project to store CO2 exclusively in a deep saline formation.The Uthmaniyah CO2-EOR Demonstration Project, located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was launched in July 2015. The project is capable of capturing around 0.8 Mtpa of CO2 from the Hayiwah NGL (natural gas liquids) Recovery Plant. Two more industrial CCS projects are expected to become operational in early 2016:The Illinois Industrial CCS Project (CO2 capture capacity of 1 Mtpa) is located at the Archer Daniel Midlands corn-to-ethanol production facility in Decatur, Illinois (United States). The project, the world’s first bio-CCS project at large scale, will be the first integrated CCS project in the United States to inject CO2 into a deep saline formation at a scale of 1 Mtpa.The Abu Dhabi CCS Project (CO2 capture capacity of 0.8 Mtpa), the world’s first iron and steel project to apply CCS at large scale, will involve CO2capture from the direct reduced iron process used at the Emirates Steel plant in Abu Dhabi. Large-scale CCS projects in the power sector are now a reality, demonstrated by:The world’s first large-scale power sector CCS project – the Boundary Dam Carbon Capture and Storage Project in Canada (CO2 capture capacity of 1 Mtpa) – becoming operational in October 2014.Commissioning activities on a new-build 582 megawatt (MW) power plant beginning at the Kemper County Energy Facility in Mississippi (United States, CO2 capture capacity of 3 Mtpa) with CO2 capture expected to commence around the middle of 2016.The Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project at the W.A. Parish power plant near Houston, Texas (US, CO2 capture capacity of 1.4 Mtpa) entering construction in July 2014, with CO2 capture anticipated by the end of 2016.